Transcript 1982 LAW OF THE SEA CONVENTION

BLACK SEA: FROM “CLOSED
SEA” TO A SEA OF REGIONAL
COOPERATION
by Nilufer Oral, JD
Bilgi University
1982 LAW OF THE SEA
CONVENTION
Article 192
General obligation

States have the obligation to protect and
preserve the marine environment
SECTION 2. GLOBAL AND
REGIONAL COOPERATION
Article 197
Cooperation on a global or regional basis
States shall cooperate on a global basis and, as
appropriate, on a regional basis, directly or through
competent international organizations, in formulating
and elaborating international rules, standards and
recommended practices and procedures consistent with
this Convention, for the protection and preservation of
the marine environment, taking into account
characteristic regional features.
Sea of Conflict
Treaties 18th – 19th Century

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1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1792 Treaty of Perpetual Peace, Jassy
1798/99 Russo-Ottoman Treaty (Secret)
1805 Treaty of Defensive Alliance
(Russian-Ottoman)
1806 Treaty of Alliance between Russia
and the Ottoman Empire

1829 Treaty of Edirne

1833 Hünkar İskelesi Treaty

1840 London Treaty

1856 Treaty of Paris (postCrimea)

1870- Russian denouncement of
neutralisation of Black Sea

London Convention 1871
20th Century Treaties


The World Wars
The 1923 Lausanne Treaty for the
Regime of the Turkish Straits
The 1936 Montreux Treaty for the
Regime of the Turkish Straits
The Cold War

Soviet “closed sea” doctrine created
for the Black Sea
 1980’s US-USSR Black Sea confrontation
 1989 Joint Statement by the U.S. and the
USSR on Uniform Interpretation of Rules
of International Law Governing
Innocent Passage
End of the Cold War and
emergence of regional
environmental cooperation
Cooperation among the six
Black Sea littoral States
 Bucharest Convention and
Protocols(1992)
 Odessa Declaration (1993)
 United Nations Environmental
Programme for the Black Sea
(1993)
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Black Sea Strategic Action
Programme (1993)
Black Sea Protection
Commission
Sofia Declaration 2002
The Black Sea Biodiversity
and Landscape
Conservation 2003.
Expanded Regional
Cooperation
Danube River Basin
Countries
1994 Danube River Protection
Convention (11 State Parties)

2001 M o U between
International Commission for
Danube (IC PDR)and
International Commission for
Black Sea (ICPBS)
Joint Task Force- DABLAS

European Union
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Communication from the Commission
COM/2001/0615- Environmental
cooperation in the Danube-Black Sea
Region.
EU White Paper on Transport Policy
EU Water Framework Directive
EU Green Paper on the Environment
Black Sea Economic
Cooperation
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Article 4 of the Charter of the Organisation of the
Black Sea Cooperation includes the “environment” as
an “area of cooperation” amongst the member parties.
20 February 2002 the BSEC signed with UNEP the
“Agreement on Cooperation Between the Black Sea
Cooperation and the United Nations Environmental
Programme”
Article 2 of the Agreement: BSEC and UNEP are to
take into account the “Environmental Action
Programme for Central and Eastern Europe
Convention on Fisheries and Conservation of the Black
Sea living Resources
Caspian/Caucuses Energy

Opportunitıes and need for greater
cooperation and Challenges
 Oil Transportation by Sea
 Pipe Lines
 Economic Development
 Sustainable Development
 Polluter Pays Principle Required
BLACK SEA
COASTAL
STATES
BSEC
COUNTRIES
Russian
Federation
Turkey
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania
Moldova,
Armenia
Greece,
Albania
Azerbaijan
Russian
Federation
Turkey
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Georgia
Romania,
DANUBE
RIVER
BASIN
COUNTRIES
Austria
Croatia
Czech
Republic
Germany
Hungary
Moldava
Slovak
Republic
Slovenia
Bulgaria
Romania
Ukraine
EU COUNTRIES
United Kingdom
France
Spain
Italy
Belgium
Denmark,
Finland, Sweden.
Ireland.
Portugal
Estonia
Poland
Latvia
Greek Cyprus
Malta
Greece
Germany
Austria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Bulgaria
Romania
Turkey
CASPIAN
ENERGY
REGION
Iran
Kazakhstan
Turkmenista
n
Azerbaijan
Russia