Transcript American Indians—1865-1898

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California Gold Rush—1849
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 1848 = approx 157,000 people
in the California territory
 150,000 Native Americans
 6,500 of Spanish or Mexican
descent known as
Californios
 fewer than 800 non-native
Americans.
 Just 20 months later, the nonnative population had soared
to more than 100,000. By the
mid 1850s there were more
than 300,000 new arrivals—and
one in every 90 people in the
United States was living in
California
1851 Fort Laramie Treaty
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Homestead Act—1862

 Why is the timing
important?
 160 acres for living on
the years for 5 years

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Pacific Railway Act—1863

 Provided Federal subsidies
in land and loans for the
construction of a
transcontinental railroad
across the United States
 Union Pacific v. Central
Pacific
Union Pacific

 Starts in Omaha
 Involved w/ Credit
Mobilier Scandal
 Over 8,000 Irish,
German, and Italian
immigrants
Central Pacific

 Began in Sacramento
 Over 10,000 Chinese
workers
Completed in 1869
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Sand Creek Massacre—1864

 Cheyenne & Arapahoe
 Chief Black Kettle
 Chivington
 Treaty of Fort Wise
Medicine Lodge Treaty—1867

 Caused political
turmoil in Washington
 Violated by both sides
 One of the last treaties
w/ American Indians
Chief Joseph—Nez Perce--1877

 Nez Perce
 Oregon
 “Hear me, my chiefs! I am
tired. My heart is sick and
sad. From where the sun
now stands, I will fight no
more forever.“
 Relocated to
Kansas/Oklahoma
 Petitioned Hayes for
permission to return to
Oregon
 Died in 1904 of “a broken
heart”
Battle of Little Bighorn

 1876
 Northern Pacific
Railroad
 Black Hills
Sitting Bull
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 Lakota Sioux
 Black Hills
 Defeats Custer—Battle
of Little Bighorn
 Later forced to
reservation
 Associated with Ghost
Dance Movement
 Killed by Lakota
officers--1890

Wounded Knee—1890
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Oklahoma Land Rush--1893

 Context—economic
crisis
 Nearly 100,000 sought
to acquire land
 The same land was
designated as Indian
Territory in 1828 and
the destination of the
Trail of Tears in 1838
Dawes Act—1887

 Individual land
ownership
 Problems?
 “Homestead Act” for
Native Americans?
 1889 Oklahoma Land
Rush
Reform Efforts
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 Carlisle School—1879
 Civilization
Regulations—1880
 Indian Education Act—
1893
TED—Aaron Huey—
“America’s Prisoners of War”
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