Transcript CHAPTER 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS

PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS
Section 1: Conducting Research
Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Section 3: Methods of Observation
Section 4: The Experimental Method
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Chapter 2
Section 1: Conducting Research
PSYCHOLOGY
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Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting
scientific research?
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
 Form a question (posing a question based on
experience, psychological theory or common
knowledge)
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 Form a hypothesis (making an educated guess)
 Conceptualizing a problem. This step involves taking an
issue that the researcher is curious or skeptical about and
expressing it in terms of operational definitions and
hypotheses.
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 How would you operationally define love?
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 Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence through
any of a variety of means)
 Based on the conceptualization of the problem, the researcher
selects a research method that will be appropriate to explore the
issue or test the proposed hypothesis or hypotheses.
 An important aspect of collecting data is selecting an appropriate
sample that is representative of the population of interest. One of
the options researchers have is to use a random sample, to
increase the ability to generalize the results from the sample to the
population.
 In psychology, generalizations often result from similar findings
across a number of studies
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Section 1: Conducting Research
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STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (continued)
 Analyze Results (looking for patterns or
relationships in the evidence)
 Based on what data was collected and how it was collected, the
researcher will then proceed to analyze the data. Most research in
psychology is analyzed using statistical procedures.
 Draw a conclusion (determining whether the
findings support the hypothesis and adjusting it if
they do not)
 ****Any new questions?****
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Surveys** Descriptive Methods
 Surveys or questionnaires require subjects to read questions and
mark their answers. Some psychologists observe behavior and
mental processes by administering standardized tests.
 Standardized tests allow the researcher to measure some aspect
of the participant’s behaviors and/or mental processes and
compare each individual’s outcome to that of others who have
also performed the same test.
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Chapter 2
Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations
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Question: Why are proper sampling techniques important?
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Samples must be selected scientifically to ensure
that the samples accurately represent the
populations they are supposed to represent
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Chapter 2
Section 3: Methods of Observation
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Question: What are the various methods of observation,
and how is correlation used in analyzing results?
METHODS OF OBSERVATION
 Testing Method – several types of tests
measure various elements of human behavior
such as abilities, interests, and personality
 Case-study Method – researchers conduct indepth investigations of individuals or small
groups
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Question: What are the various methods of observation,
and how is correlation used in analyzing results?
METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)
 Longitudinal Method – a group of participants
are observed at intervals over an extended
period of time
 Cross-Sectional Method – researchers compare
the differences and similarities among people
in different age groups at a given time
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Section 3: Methods of Observation
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Question: What are the various methods of observation,
and how is correlation used in analyzing results?
METHODS OF OBSERVATION (continued)
 Naturalistic-Observation Method – researchers
observe the behavior of people or animals in
their natural habitats
 Laboratory-Observation Method – participants
are observed in a laboratory setting
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Section 3: Methods of Observation
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Question: What are the various methods of observation,
and how is correlation used in analyzing results?
CORRELATION
 Correlation measures how closely one thing is
related to another
 The correlational method is basically a statistical procedure that
allows the researcher to describe how strongly two or more
events or characteristics are related. The correlation coefficient is
a measure of the strength and direction of the relationship
between the two factors. It is important to note that
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correlation does not equal causation but can allow us to
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make predictions.
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****Correlation does not equal Causation!!!!***
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Section 4: The Experimental Method
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Question: What are the purposes and elements of
experiments?
PURPOSES AND ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTS
 Researchers conduct experiments to learn
about cause and effect.
 Elements of experiments include independent
and dependent variables, experimental and
control groups, and the placebo effect.
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 In an experiment, one or more factors are manipulated and all
other factors held constant. The factor that is manipulated is
called the independent variable.
 The behavior or mental process that is observed and measured
in the experiment is called the dependent variable.

In general terms, the goal of an experiment is to
determine the extent to which the independent
variable influences and causes the dependent
variable.
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 The group of participants whose experience is being manipulated is
the known as the experimental group,
 The comparison group is called the control group.
 In experimental research, participants are randomly assigned to
experimental and control groups.
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 One concern involves the experimenter’s own bias influencing
the outcome of the research; this is called experimenter bias.
 Participant bias is when the research participants have beliefs
about how they are expected to behave and behave according to
their expectations. The research participant bias is also referred
to as the placebo effect.
 To control for these expectations, an experiment may be
designed as a double-blind experiment, whereby neither the
participant nor the experimenter knows in which condition is
the participant.
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Begin Create your own Study—scientific method activity
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Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Question: How are ethical issues involved in psychological
research?
ETHICAL ISSUES AND RESEARCH
 Protect study participants from harm
 Maintain the scientific integrity of the study
 Promote the dignity of the individual
 Foster human welfare
 Confidentiality
 Informed Consent
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Article “Stanford Prison Experiement”
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Question:
How are research questions formed?
Sources for
Research
Questions
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Daily
Experience
Psychological
Theory
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Folklore and
Common
Knowledge
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