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Small/Medium Farmer in Sub-Saharan Africa
&
USAID Agricultural Strategy
Michael Satin / AFR/SD
USAID
September 2004
Small/Medium Scale Farming
• 70% of African households
income comes from
Agriculture
• Agriculture represents 30% –
40% of Africa's GDP
• Accounts for almost 60
percent of Africa's export
income
• Small-scale farms represent 90
percent of Africa's
agricultural production
IFAD 2003
Challenges Faced by the
Small Scale Farmer
• Low land productivity,
• Inadequate rural infrastructure,
• Vulnerability to natural disasters,
and;
• High levels of insecurity.
• Africa is plagued by a high
prevalence of HIV/AIDS significantly reduces Agriculture
production.
Challenges
• High levels of poverty and malnutrition
• Declining food security in many countries
• Low crop yields; population growth rates have
exceeded agricultural production growth
• Land degradation & deforestation
• Declining role for Africa in world trade (i.e.
down to only 2% of world agricultural trade,
only 1% of overall world trade)
Number of people undernourished (millions)
Hunger in Africa is expected to rise
231
Increasing Share
of Global Hunger
(USDA, 2002):
206
Year 2001
SubSahara
Africa
Rest of
the
World
38%
62%
Year 2011
103
2003
2007
2011
2015
Rest of
the
World
SubSahara
Africa
50%
50%
Per Capita Food Production Across
Subregions
Old Model
• Focus of past efforts – large scale, industrial
agricultural production.
Old Model Development Theories
• Development is measured primarily by increased
material consumption
• Efficiency measured by the “bottom line”
• Increasing farm size leads to increases in
productivity through economies of scale
The New Model
Focus efforts on increasing yields for small
scale / subsistence farmers.
Characteristics of The New Model
• The average subsistence farm is half to one
hectare in size
• May be simultaneously growing various crops
such as: cassava, sorghum, millet, dairy, and
vegetables
• Household size is 5-7 people with approx. 1-2
adults managing
USAID APPROACH
For More Information see the USAID
website at WWW.USAID.GOV
Strategic USAID Themes
• Expanding Global, Regional, and Domestic
Trade Opportunities and Improving Capacity
• Improving the Social, Economic, and
Environmental Sustainability of Agriculture
• Mobilizing Science and Technology and
Fostering a Capacity for Innovation
• Broadening Agricultural Training and
Education, Outreach, and Adaptive Research
Expanding Trade Opportunities and
Improving the Capacity of Farmers
• Expand access to
credit
• Develop Farming
Cooperatives
• Improve access to
commodity storage
and processing
technologies
Mobilizing Science and Technology
and Fostering Capacity for Innovation
•Science Policy,
Strategies, and
Governance Systems
•Technology
Development and
Application
•Public/Private Sector
Partnerships and
Networks
•National Innovation
Capacity
Broadening Agricultural Training and
Education
• Education and
Training
• Information and
Communication
Technologies
• Problem-Based SiteSpecific Learning
Complimentary Themes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food Security and Nutrition
Health and HIV/AIDS
Assets and Risk Management
Gender Equality
Good Economic and Political Governance
Expanded Alliances
Initiative to End Hunger in Africa
(IEHA) Overview
Initiative was announced at the 2002 World Summit
on Sustainable Development, implemented in
2003 in three countries & three regions
Initiative to End Hunger in Africa
Goal:
“To help significantly reduce hunger and poverty
in sub-Saharan Africa ”
Objective:
“To rapidly and sustainably increase agricultural
growth and rural incomes in sub-Saharan Africa”
IEHA’s Distinguishing Features – I
 A market-oriented and smallholder-based
growth strategy to reduce hunger and poverty in
Africa
 A sub-Saharan Africa-wide strategy that focuses
investments in those countries that will serve as
models of success as well as growth poles
 National development strategies will be
complemented by regional ones to help generate
regional growth dynamics
IEHA’s Distinguishing Features - II
 IEHA recognizes that hunger and poverty will
not be solved by agriculture alone – advances
also needed in health, education, infrastructure,
environment and public policy management
 To ensure success, IEHA will focus on countries
whose leaders are committed to growth and
hunger reduction as a priority development
concern.
 IEHA will build alliances and constituencies with
other development partners
Focal areas of a New Initiative for Africa
1. Technology systems and applications that support
agricultural growth and economic transformation
(TARGET).
2. Improving the efficiency and equity of agricultural
market and trade systems.
3. Community-based farmer organizations, to deliver
grower, business and environmental services.
Focal areas of a New Initiative for Africa
Con’t.
4. Building the human capacity to shape and lead the
policy, technical and service development efforts.
5. Ensure that vulnerable groups have access to
services and markets (especially those in transition
from crisis to development)
6. Ensure that economically important land use
systems are developed in an environmentally
sustainable manner.
IEHA Results on the Ground
Uganda: Biotechnology Policy Development / Biosafety Commission /
Biotechnology Research / Fisheries Research and Dissemination / Investing in
the Development of Export Agriculture (IDEA) Project
•
REDSO: Regional Agricultural Trade Expansion Support (RATES), Seed policy
harmonization, Fine Coffee Association
•
• Mozambique: Formation of Farmer Associations / Export marketing and rice
and cashew production projects has a crucial producer association support
components
•RCSA: Dissemination of low-external-input technologies and farming methods to
smallholder farmers; and (b) Development of strategies to mitigate HIV/AIDS and
other impacts
•WARP: Support to Regional Market Information Networks
•Mali: The Mali Trade Promotion project has a crucial producer association
support components.
Other USAID African AG Programs
Sustainable Tree Crops Program
The goal of STCP is to improve the economic and social well-being
of smallholders and the environmental sustainability of tree
crop farms
 STCP Program Structure
regional program in 5 West African countries—Cameroon, Côte
d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, and Nigeria
7 national pilot projects, working directly with farmer
organizations
works with the ILO/IPEC regional project on Child Labor and with
organizations such as with SOCODEVI in Côte d’Ivoire
Conclusion
Agriculture (especially smallholder agriculture)
is the vehicle out of hunger and poverty
About 80% of the African population derive their food and
economic livelihood from rural Agriculture
Over 70% of the African labor force is employed in
Agriculture
African Agriculture contributes over 30% to overall GDP
40% of Africa’s export earnings are from Agriculture
In most countries, smallholder agriculture accounts for more
than half of the total value of agricultural production,
and up to 96% in some
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