Transcript TNO Presentation

Session 1: Mexico Workshop
Traffic and air quality in Europe
TNO Environment, Energy and
Process Innovation
Menno Keuken
Content
• EU road traffic development
• EU road traffic emissions
• Impact on air quality - cities
• Future impact on air quality
• Measures to reduce impact
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
2
EU road traffic development
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
3
EU fuel type
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
4
EU road traffic NOx emissions
NOx emissions - EU15
7.000.000
6.000.000
4.000.000
3.000.000
2.000.000
1.000.000
Passenger cars
Light-duty vehicles
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
Heavy-duty vehicles
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0
1980
Tonnes
5.000.000
Buses
January 2004
5
EU road traffic VOC emissions
VOC emissions - EU15
7.000.000
6.000.000
4.000.000
3.000.000
2.000.000
1.000.000
Passenger cars
Light-duty vehicles
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
Heavy-duty vehicles
January 2004
Buses
6
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0
1980
Tonnes
5.000.000
EU road traffic PM emissions
PM emissions - EU15
400.000
350.000
300.000
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
Passenger cars
Light-duty vehicles
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
Heavy-duty vehicles
Buses
January 2004
7
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0
1980
Tonnes
250.000
EU road traffic CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions - EU15
1.200.000.000
1.000.000.000
600.000.000
400.000.000
200.000.000
Passenger cars
Light-duty vehicles
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
Heavy-duty vehicles
January 2004
Buses
8
2020
2015
2010
2005
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0
1980
Tonnes
800.000.000
EU urban background:
% non compliance EU-standards
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
9
In addition to regular components ultrafine
particles and …
45000
40000
Annual air quality near urban highway (N particles/cm3)
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
-350
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
350
west <---- distance to road axis (m) ---> east
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
10
EU air quality
• Clean Air for Europe – CAFE programme (EU policy)
• 6 Framework R&D programme
• National Emission Ceilings/EU-AQ Directives
(member states implementation)
Technological measures are not adequate to provide overall compliance
with AQ standards in 2010
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
11
Additional measures are required:
noise, health and climate change
•
Technological (i.e.catalysts, engine and fuel) comply with EU-emission
standards per vehicle, but volume of traffic …
•
Economic (i.e. road pricing, road tax, costly parking), but
political/societal not popular
•
Spatial planning (i.e. limited parking, transferia, residential/offices,
public transport) effective, but long-term
•
Traffic management (i.e. separate traffic lanes, “green” traffic lights flow,
one-way streets and speed control) short-term and location-specific
“hot spot” approach, effective, but requires control …
•
Transition to sustainable transport is required based upon technology
breaktrough (i.e. hydrogen fuel cell, intelligent vehicles and roads)
combined with integrated spatial planning and improved public transport
Impact of speed control on urban air quality (Rotterdam)
January 2004
12