Transcript Document

Ecology and Management of
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Presented By: Dr. Joe Funderburk, UF/IFAS
Contributing Authors:
UF/IFAS: J. Funderburk, and L. Osborne
A.C. Hodges, UF/IFAS, SPDN (ed.)
POPULATION ATTRIBUTES
OF THRIPS
◦ Vagile (excellent invaders, mobile)
◦ Broad host range
◦ Short generation time
◦ Predisposition to parthenogenesis
◦ A competitive breeding structure
promoting aggregation and exploitation of
localized optimal conditions
Mound. 1997. Thrips As Crop Pests (Lewis, ed.) CAB International
Host Range for
Frankliniella occidentalis
50 of 55 plant species in 22 families were
food hosts for the adults in a survey in
Central Chile
43 of 55 plant species were reproductive
hosts
Plant Hosts for Frankliniella occidentalis in
the Aconcogue Valley, Chile
Number of Families or Species
60
50
40
Total No. Sampled
F. occidentalis food hosts
F. occidentalis reproductive hosts
30
20
10
0
Plant Families
Plant Species
Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
Life History of Pest Thrips
30 to 40 days for a complete generation
6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg,
larva, and pupa
Pollen doubles or triples fecundity
Strong aggregation tendencies for flowers
of Thrips and Frankliniella species
Scirtothrips aggregate on young foliage
and flowers
Reproduction in Thrips
In most Thysanoptera, reproduction
requires copulation
Parthenogenesis common
In most species, fertilized eggs have the
full diploid number and become female;
unfertilized eggs are haploid and become
males
Integrated Pest Management
Natural Enemies of Thrips
PREDATORS Anthocorids, Chrysopids, Nabids,
Aeolothrips, Phlaeothrips, predatory mites
(Euseius sojanensis)
PARASITES Thripinema (Tylechida:
Allantonematidae)
PARASITOIDS Chalcidoidea (Megaphragma
sp.) Ceranisus (Eulophidae)
PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently
reported as important for Scirtothrips dorsalis in
India
Important Worldwide Predators
of Thrips
ORDER HEMIPTERA
FAMILY ANTHOCORIDAE
commonly, pirate bugs
GENUS Orius
SPECIES insidiosus
COMMON NAME
Insidious flower bug
Photo Stuart Reitz
PEPPER
Intrinsic capacity of Orius
insidiosus to reduce
Frankliniella occidentalis
populations
Photo Joe Funderburk
Predator-Prey Ratios
1 : 217 = population suppression
1 : 51 = rapid local extinction
Sabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis,
ed.) CAB International, UK
thrips larvae
Frankliniella occidentalis
Orius
50
40
0.8
fenpropathrin
PEPPER
30
Thrips per flower
10
0
12
0.0
0.8
spinosad
8
0.4
4
0
12
0.0
0.8
untreated
8
Pirate bugs per flower
0.4
20
0.4 Funderburk, Stavisky &
Olson 2000 Environ.
Entomol. vol. 29 (2): 376382
4
0
0.0
14
17
19
21
24
28
May & June 1996
31
3
RECOMENDATION FOR PEPPER
PRODUCERS
Commercial Pepper Field
Thomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FL
Thrips per flower
CONSERVE ORIUS
POPULATIONS
BY THE
SELECTIVE USE OF
TACTICS
30
Orius insidiosus
0.8
25
0.6
20
15
0.4
10
0.2
5
0
0
Courtesy Glades Crop Care, Inc.
Orius per flower
Frankliniella
Aconcague Valley, Chile
120
120
Thrips per 5 terminal shoots in alfalfa
1999-2000
100
100
Annual cycle of abundance of western flower
thrips in alfalfa in the southern hemisphere
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sept Oct
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Apr
25
291
0
Number of thrips per 5 terminal shoots
Dynamics of Frankliniella occidentalis in
Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by
Pirate Bugs
20
Number of total thrips per Orius insidiosus
140
15
13
ADULTS
LARVAE
68
10
0
81
18 16
5
64
16
17
0
Aug
Oct
Dec
Feb
Apr
Jun
Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
Species of Thripinema, Nematode
Parasites of Thrips
T. nicklewoodi (North
America)
T. khrustalevi (Asia, South
America)
T. fuscum (North America)
T. aptini (Europe)
T. reniroai (Asia)
Undescribed species (New
Zealand)
Photo Chris Tipping
EFFECTS OF Thripinema PARASITISM ON EGG PRODUCTION OF THRIPS HOST
Fecundity of Frankliniella fusca (eggs per day)
3
Not parasitized, healthy host
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
2
1
0
Infected when 3-day-old adult
Infected when 1-day-old adult
Infected when Larvae II
Infected when Larvae I
0
5
10
15
Age of Adult FemaleThrips (days)
20
25 2005 J. Nematol.
Sims, Funderburk
& Boucias
% TSW
% parasitized F. fusca
F. fusca
Parasitism nearly prevents mid & late
season cycles of TSW
60
Funderburk et al. 2002.
Environ. Entomol.
31(3): 558-563.
40
PEANUTS
% F. fusca parasitized
by T. fuscum
20
0
75
80
60
50
Parasitism suppresses thrips
mid and late season
40
25
20
0
20 May
9 Jun
29 Jun
19 Jul
1999
8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept
0
Thrips per plant
% TSW
80
larval thrips
Recommendations for Peanut
Producers
Cultivars partially
resistant to Tomato
spotted wilt virus
Biological control
Planting date
Insecticides that
conserve key natural
enemies
Photo Joe Funderburk
Funderburk & Latsha. 2005. Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents.
( Grewal et al. eds.) CAB International, UK
TOMATO
UV mulch
Photo Joe Funderburk
ACTIGARD (Syngenta)
Acibenzolar-S-methyl
Substitutes for the natural systemicacquired-resistance molecule salicylic acid
that is essential for activation of systemic
acquired resistance
Six applications on tomatoes at two-week
intervals beginning at transplanting
Recommendations for tomato
producers
UV mulch effective in
reducing thrips invasion
and primary spread of
TSWV
Actigard recommended
when using UV mulch to
reduce sprays of copper
and other pesticides that
reduce the UV
reflectance of the mulch
Insecticides useful in
suppressing thrips larvae
and secondary spread of
TSWV
Source Momol et al. 2004. Plant Disease 88(8): 882-890
Thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt
Regulation of vector populations with
insecticides is not sustainable producing
undesirable environmental and economic
consequences
Integrated pest management is effective,
environmentally friendly, and sustainable
Management programs developed from
knowledge of vector population dynamics
and disease epidemiology
Chilli Thrips Natural Enemies
Egg Parisitoid
– Megaphragma sp. (Chalcidoidea)
– 53.2% parasitism on grapes in Japan
Predatory Mite
– Euseius sojaensis
– 1.4 larvae/hr
– 5.4 larvae/day
Ornamental Plant Hosts of Concern
Banana
Camellia
Castor Bean
Chrysanthemum
Dahlia
Euonymous
Firethron
Holly
Japanese Photina
Jasmine
Mexican Heather
Mimosa spp. (Sensitive
plant)
Pittosporum
Podocarpus
Rhododendrum
Rose
Viburnum
For the latest information on chilli thrips and ornamental plants, visit
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/thripslinks.htm
Ornamentals
abamectin (Avid)
acephate (such as Orthene or Orthonex)
acetamiprid (TriStar)
azadirachtin (such as Azatin, Neem oil) (not labeled for
thrips)
cyfluthrin (Decathlon, Discus, Bayer Advanced products
such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and
Flower Insect Killer)
disulfoton (such as Di-Syston Systemic Insecticide
Granules)
imidacloprid (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the Bayer
products listed above)
novaluron (Pedestal)
spinosad (such as Conserve)
Materials in yellow would be suitable for use by homeowners if used
according to the labeled instructions.
Overall Conclusions
Management of S. dorsalis in the landscape
requires an integrated approach that includes a
detailed understanding of pest biology, natural
enemy complexes, and host resistance.
Chemical control options are also available and
may be necessary in some cases.
Chemical control options or destruction of plant
material is the only option for retail nurseries as
long as S. dorsalis remains a regulated pest.
Disclaimer
The use of trade names in this presentation is
solely for the purpose of providing specific
information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or
warranty the products named, and references to
them in this publication does not signify our
approval to the exclusion of other products of
suitable composition. All chemicals should be
used in accordance with directions on the
manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely.
Read and follow directions on the
manufacturer's label.