FEDERALISTS

•Supported the Constitution •Large landowners/merchants and artisans •Farmers •Most from coastal areas of Northern states

ANTIFEDERALISTS

• Wanted Constitution but Opposed Constitution as written without Bill of Rights • Wanted to add a Bill of Rights • Thought it would endanger the rights of the states • Some were prominent American leaders while others were western farmers • Mostly from South and western territories.

Comparison of the Two

• Antifederalists used negative campaign and had nothing to suggest in place of Constitution • Federalists better organized, newspapers supported them • Federalists also wrote the

Federalist Papers

– 85 essays arguing for ratification

Ratification

• 1787 Delaware first to ratify then PA, NJ, GA, CT • Massachusetts ratified only after Federalists agreed to amendment giving states all powers not specifically granted to federal government • VA ratified after Federalists agreed to Bill of Rights • NY ratified after VA and NH did • By 1790 both NC and RI ratified to make it unanimous

NEW GOVERNMENT

• 1789 established Department of State, Dept of Treasury, Dept of War, and Attorney General office • Thomas Jefferson – Sec. of State • Alexander Hamilton – Sec. of Treasury • Henry Knox – Sec. of War • Edmund Randolph – Attorney General

Other positions in Govt

• Judicial Branch established • John Jay – first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Bill of Rights

• Went into effect in 1789 – The first 10 amendments to the Constitution the Anti Federalists demanded.

• Amendments 1-8 protected individual rights against actions of federal govt • Amendment 9 acknowledges that people have rights other than those listed in 1-8 • Amendment 10 gave states all those powers not specifically given to the federal government

Government and Finances

• Needed additional money to operate • 2 plans proposed – 1. James Madison – tax imports from other countries – Tariff of 1789 – all importers pay 5% on cargo brought into the US. Shippers paid as well. Made the South mad – 2. Alexander Hamilton – tax but also create a national bank so they could borrow money

Opposition to national bank

• Said if we honored bonds sold at full value would be unfair since farmers and war veterans had sold theirs to speculators • Southernors didn’t like the fact most of the bonds were owned by northerers and southerners would end up paying tax • Southerners agreed to bank when they were guaranteed new capital would be in the South

National Bank

• Allowed govt. to manage debts and interest payments • Gave loans to govt. and individuals • Issued paper money ( wanted money to encourage trade and investments and stimulate economic growth

• Enumerated powers are those named or listed in the US Constititution that belong to the national government specifically • The “necessary and proper” clause allows the government to do things that are needed to carry out the duties assigned to them in the Constitution but they are NOT specifically stated. Also known as the “elastic clause.”

Southern Opposition

• Felt only northerners could afford bank stock • Madison argued establishing banks wasn’t in the

enumerated powers

in the Constitution • Bank passed using “necessary and proper” clause and said it was an

implied power

Whiskey Rebellion

• 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on whiskey passed in Congress • Western area farmers enraged • G. Washington sent 13,000 troops to put down the rebellion – showed that a stronger government really could work.

• Split over Hamilton’s financial plan resulted in the formation of 2 political parties

Federalists

• Led by Hamilton • Wanted strong national govt. in the hands of the wealthy • Believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power • Supported by artisans, merchants, manufacturers, bankers, urban workers, and Eastern farmers

• Domestic policy – refers to political ideas that relate to anything going on in the United States • Foreign policy – refers to political ideas that deal with US relations with other countries,

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

• Many had been Anti-Federalists • Led by Madison and Jefferson • Usually called Republicans and later became Democrats • Believed strength came from independent farmers. (sometimes referred to as

agrarianism

) • Supported agriculture over trade and commerce • Favored states’ rights over power of federal govt.

• Supported by the rural South and West

Washington’s Foreign Policy

• War starts in France 1789 – French Revolution • Americans split – Federalists against it because of violence Republicans supported it because it was a fight for liberty.

• 1793 France declares war on England

US REMAINS NEUTRAL

• Washington wanted the US to remain friendly and impartial to between the two countries • British navy intercepted neutral ships, including American ones, taking goods to French ports • Washington sent John Jay to try to resolve problem

Jay’s Treaty

• Gave Great Britain the right to seize American ships headed for France • In return Britain gave US

most-favored nation

status. – American merchants wouldn’t be discriminated against when trading with Great Britain. • Prevented us going to war again and protected our economy

Problems with Jay’s Treaty

• Made Spain think the US and Great Britain might join forces and try to take over their territories in the US.

• Thomas Pinckney signed treaty with them in 1795 • Pinckney’s Treaty gave US the rights to use the Mississippi River to deposit goods in New Orleans.

Westward Expansion

• People were moving to the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

• Lots of fertile soil, lots of land, wide rivers, and variety of fish and game.

• Increase in number of settlers led to problems with the Native Americans

Native Americans

• Confederacy of several groups formed to fight white settlers • Led by Little Turtle of the Miami people in the Northwest Territory • Won first two battles but were put down by American troops led by General Anthony Wayne

Treaty of Greenville

• 1795 – 12 Native American nations gave up parts of what is now Ohio and Indiana in return for a yearly payment of $10,000 from the US govt.

• Caused increase in number of settlers moving into the region

Washington Leaves Office

• Retired because of irritation over party politics and attacks on his personal character • In farewell address he advised American people to avoid sectionalism (dividing the country into the North and South or East and West) • Also warned about political parties and becoming too attached to any foreign nation

First Big Election

• 1796 first openly contested election • Federalists backed John Adams • Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson.

• Adams won 71-68

Other Foreign Policy Issues

• Citizen Genet – Sent from France to try to organize support for the French government during the revolution.

– Got American ships to attack British ships under the French flag – Washington demanded he be recalled to France – Genet asked to stay in the US because of the danger in France

Quasi-War

• • 1798 Congress suspended trade with France and ordered navy to capture French ships.

Became an undeclared war at sea

• Start new negotiations. • Convention of 1800 gave up all US claims against France for damages to American shipping.

• France released US from Treaty of 1778.

• Quasi War ends

Continued

• British take hundreds of American ships trading with the French West Indies • Impress (kidnap) sailors to serve in the British navy.

Undeclared War with France

• French mad over Jay’s Treaty and start seizing American ships on their way to England.

• Federalists called for war • President Adams sent negotiators to France • French demanded bribes from Americans before they would negotiate –

XYZ Affair

XYZ Affair-1797

• President Adams sent 3 representatives to France to try to restore relations with them • XYZ refers to the French agents of Prime Minister Tallyrand.

• They would only begin negotiations if the US paid a bribe of $250,000 to the 5 directors heading the French government.

• Enraged Americans who began to call for war

Undeclared War with France

• French mad over Jay’s Treaty and start seizing American ships on their way to England.

• Federalists called for war • President Adams sent negotiators to France • French demanded bribes from Americans before they would negotiate –

XYZ Affair

Quasi-War

• • 1798 Congress suspended trade with France and ordered navy to capture French ships.

Became an undeclared war at sea

• Start new negotiations. • Convention of 1800 gave up all US claims against France for damages to American shipping.

• France released US from Treaty of 1778.

• Quasi War ends

War Between the Parties

• Federalists passed 4 laws aimed at Republicans – the Alien and Sedition Acts • The point behind these acts was for the Federalists to be able to control the government • By preventing the new immigrants from becoming citizens for 14 years it would give them more time to establish themselves as the most powerful party.

– 3 were aimed at aliens and the major points were that • immigrants couldn’t become citizens for 14 years • The President had power to deport them without a trial if he thought they seemed dangerous to the US -fourth prevented sedition couldn’t print of say anything false or scandalous against the government or its officers

Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts •Written by Jefferson and Madison •States that because the states created the Constitution, they had the power to judge whether a federal law was unconstitutional •VA Resolutions introduced “interposition” saying that if the federal government did something unconstitutional, the states had the right to interpose between the federal govt. and the people and stop the illegal action •KY Resolutions proposed “nullification” saying the states could declare a federal law invalid if unconstitutional

Election of 1800

• Aaron Burr vs. Thomas Jefferson • Tied for number of votes • House of Representatives to break the tie according to the Constitution • Had a tie in the House • Tie broken and Jefferson became President after agreeing not dismantle Hamilton’s financial system. Jefferson wins by 1 vote.

Jefferson Takes Office

• Tried to bring the two parties together by integrating Republican ideas into Federalist policies already in place • Began paying off federal debt • Cut govt. spending • Did away with whiskey tax • Planned to reduce the size of the standing army use local militia instead

US Expands West

• Jefferson in favor of expansion • 1800 – France convinced Spain to return LA to them – Robert Livingston ordered by Jefferson to block the deal or get the US in a position to get some concessions from it • 1803 – Napolean needs money and agrees to sell LA Territory to the US for $15 million, doubling the size of the US

Rise of Supreme Court

• Judiciary Act 1801 – created 16 new federal judges • Before leaving office, Adams appointed Federalists to those positions • Congress repealed the act after Jefferson became president and did away with the “midnight judges” and their offices

•An attempt was made to impeach Justice Chase but it failed – showed that judges could not be removed from office simply because Congress disagreed with their decisions •John Marshall (served 34 years)named Chief Justice by President Adams •1803 case

Marbury v Madison

•Established the court’s right to

judicial review

or the power of the court to decide whether laws passed by Congress were Constitutional and to strike down those that were not

US Expands Continued

• Jefferson funds Lewis and Clarke to explore territory • Sacagawea (indian woman) was the guide • Also gave the US a claim to the Oregon Territory along the west coast • 1805 – Zebulon Pike explores upper Mississippi River, Arkansas River, and Colorado giving us info on the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains

Expansion Continued

• South and West are gaining political strength • Group of northern Federalists write

Essex Junto

– a plan to take New England out of the Union because they felt the North was losing influence • Try to get NY into the movement so ask Aaron Burr to run for governor of the state

Rising International Tension

• Jefferson spent his second term in office trying to keep the US out of tensions between Britain and France • Britain declared all ships going to Europe needed British licenses. Napolean said anyone who obeyed would have cargos confiscated when they reached Europe • US caught in the middle

•Britain begins impressment of American sailors •1807 British warship

Leopard

stopped American warship

Chesapeake

to search for British deserters – Chesapeake refused and 3 Americans killed • Anti-British mobs rioted in the US •Jefferson asked Congress to pass the

Embargo Act of 1807

which banned trade with other countries • Embargo repealed in 1809 because it was hurting the US economy

Here We Go To War Again

• 1808 James Madison becomes president • Wanted to avoid war • Congress passed the

Non-Intercourse Act

• Banned trade with France and England and allowed the president to reopen trade with the country that removed its restrictions first • It was an attempt to play them against each other and failed

Trade Problems Continue

• Macon’s Bill Number 2 would reopen trade with both countries but if either country dropped restrictions on trade, the US would stop importing goods from the other country • Napolean said France would drop restrictions but would still seize US ships • Britain refused to drop restrictions and Congress passed a non-importation act against Britain • 1812 Britain ended restrictions on American trade • 2 days later Congress declared war on England

War of 1812

• Members who voted for war were mostly from the South and West • Nicknamed “War Hawks” • Restrictions on trade had hurt them the worst • Also blamed Britain for the clashes with Native Americans

War continued

• Speculators and settlers were responsible for the clashes • Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, wanted the Native Americans to unite to protect their lands • William Henry Harrison was governor of Indiana territory and prepared to stop them • Battle of Tippecanoe caused Native Americans to fall apart and many fled to British held Canada • This added to the belief that the British were behind the clashes • June 1812 War declared – the Northeast voting against it

Canada Invaded

• Madison ordered the invasion although we weren’t prepared for a war • All 3 American attacks on Canada failed • Commodore Oliver Perry secretly arranged for a fleet to be constructed on the coast of Lake Erie • 1813 – fleet attacked British and British surrendered. Canadians stopped further American attacks and US didn’t conquer any Canadian territory

War Ends

• War was over between the British and French • 1814 Britain sent troops to deal with UUS • Landed their troops near Washington, DC and seized the capital – burned White House and Capitol buildings • Next attacked Baltimore but were defeated • Later moved into NY where their fleet was defeated and they retreated to Montreal

War of 1812 Continued

• Hartford Convention called for amendments to increase New England’s political power • 1815 – British fleet lands near New Orleans • Andrew Jackson commanded American forces – used cotton bales to absorb bullets • Battle of New Orleans made him a hero

War of 1812 Cont.

• War destroyed Federalist Party • Created sense of nationalism in the US • Treaty of Ghent ended the war 12/24/1814 and restored prewar boundaries – no territory changed hands • War of 1812 increased American prestige overseas and created a new feeling of patriotism and national unity.