Acid - Base Disorders: How to obtain a normal pH in the ICU
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Transcript Acid - Base Disorders: How to obtain a normal pH in the ICU
Acid-Base Disorders
Bradley J. Phillips, MD
Burn-Trauma-ICU
Adults & Pediatrics
Definition
Normal pH = 7.35 - 7.45
Acidosis
Primary
respiratory = PCO2 > 44
Primary metabolic = HCO3 < 22
Severe acidemia pH < 7.2
Alkalosis
Primary
respiratory = PCO2 < 36
Primary metabolic = HCO3 > 26
Severe alkalosis pH > 7.6
Acid-Base Homeostasis
Acid Metabolism (70 mmol/day)
sulphuric acid 25 mmol (aminoacid catabolism)
organic acids 40 mmol (non-metabolized)
phosphoric acid and others
Extracellular space contains 350 mmol HCO3
Renal tubules
proximal
reabsorbs 3800 mmol/d (85%)
thick ascending limb reabsorbs 450 mmol (10%)
collecting duct generates new HCO3 (NH4/PO4)
Metabolic Disorders
Characteristics
Change
in HCO3
pH and pCO2 change same direction
Respiratory Disorders
Characteristics
Change
in PCO2
pH and PCO2 change in different directions
Acute and chronic
Compensation
Correct pH to normal
NO overcompensation
exception:
exogenous mechanism
Primary metabolic - respiratory change (PCO2)
Primary respiratory - metabolic change (HCO3)
Physiologic Effects
Acidosis
Decreased
myocardial contractility
Decreased diaphragmatic contractility
Reduced threshold for ventricular fibrillation
Complex and variable derangements in vascular smooth
muscle (sympathetic vs. catecholamines)
Increased cerebral blood flow
Variable effects upon serum electrolytes
Alterations in drug mechanisms
Shifts O2 dissociation curve to right
O2 Disassociation Curve
decrease temperature
2,3-DPG
PCO2
increase in pH
increase temperature
2,3-DPG
PCO2
decrease in pH
Physiologic Effects
Alkalosis
Arrhythmogenic
Promotes
coronary artery spasm
Variable effect upon myocardial contractility
and vascular tone
Lowers seizure threshold
Transient reduction in cerebral blood flow
Lowers ionized calcium ( .03-.09 /0.1 pH)
Suppresses respiratory function
Shift O2 dissociation curve to left
Changes in Acid-Base Disorders
Disorder
Primary
Comp.
Expected
Acidosis
Metabolic
HCO3
PCO2
PCO2 =1.5x HCO3(8 +/- 2)
Respiratory
Acute
Chronic
PCO2
HCO3
pH=.008(PCO2 -40)
pH=.003(PCO2 -40)
Metabolic
HCO3
PCO2
PCO2 =7x HCO3+(20+/-1.5)
Respiratory
Acute
Chronic
PCO2
HCO3
pH=.008(40- PCO2)
pH=.003(40- PCO2)
Alkalosis
Acid-Base
Disturbances
Metabolic Acidosis
Net retention of H+
Physiological adaptation
buffering
(bone/skeletal muscle)
increased ventilation
increased reabsorption/generation HCO3
Metabolic Acidosis
Obtain ABG (rule out primary hyperventilation)
Determine Anion Gap (nl = 12)
differentiates
between loss of HCO3 and
accumulation of unmeasured acid anions
AG = serum Na - serum Cl - serum HCO3
AG affected by hypoalbuminemia
Metabolic Acidosis
Normal AG (Cl-)
(HHARDUP)
High AG
(MUD-PILES)
Hypoaldosteronism
Methanol
Hyperosmolar
Uremia
nonketotic coma
Acetazolamide
RTA
Diarrhea
Utererosigmoidostomy
ileostomy
Pancreatic fistula
DKA
Poisons
Iron,
INH
Lactic acidosis
Ethanol, Ethylene
glycol
Salicylate, Starvation
Organic Acids
Endogenous
Ketoacidosis
b-hydroxybutyrate
acetoacetate
Lactic
acidosis
Severe renal
insufficiency
phenolic aromatic acids
furanoic acid
dicarboxylic acid
Ingested
salicylate
ethyleneglycol
metabolites
glycolate
glycoxalate
oxalate
methanol
formate
Hyperchloremic Acidosis
Net retention HCl or loss of HCO3 in
proportionate excess of chloride
normal quotient HCO3/Cl > 0.25
Loss of HCO3
renal
vs non-renal
of urine NH4+
NH4+ excretion < 1 mmol/kg (kidney primary)
measurement
Evaluation of Hyperchloremic Acidosis
Gluck SL. Lancet 352, Aug, 1998.
RTA
Distal RTA (type 1) - impaired H+ secretion (urine pH > 5.5)
Gluck SL. Lancet 352, Aug, 1998.
Proximal RTA (type 2) - impaired proximal HCO3 reabsorption
Defective ammoniagenesis (type4) - defective NH4+ production
Treatment: Metabolic Acidosis
Correct Underlying Disorder!!!!!
? Sodium Bicarbonate adminstration?
HCO3 required = .4 x wt (kg) x (25 - measured HCO3)
Risk of Sodium Bicarbonate
Hypernatremia/hyperosmolality (1000
mmol/L)
Extracellular-fluid overload
“overshoot” alkalosis
Worsening acidosis
buffering
protons by bicarbonate = CO2
raises the partial pressure of CO2 in fluids
paradoxical worsening intra/extracellular acidosis
limited
ventilatory reserve, advance circulatory
failure or undergoing CPR
Alternative Alkalinizing Agents
Carbicarb
Equal
sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate
Carbonate stronger base, preference for buffering
hydrogen ions
Generates bicarbonate rather than CO2 and even
consumes CO2 when reacting with carbonic acid
Results: increases blood and intracellular pH with little
increase in CO2
Risks: Hypervolemia and hypertonicity
Alternative Alkalinizing Agents
THAM
0.3
Nitromethamine
Sodium free, buffers metabolic and respiratory acids
Limits CO2 generation
Increases extra- and intracellular pH
Not documents more efficacious than bicarbonate
Side effects: hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, ventilatory
depression, hepatic necrosis in neonates
Metabolic Alkalosis
increase in alkali
addition to ECF
gastric losses
oral or parenteral
sources
mineralocorticoid
stimulate
H secretion
increased Na delivery
increased
Na absorption
“contraction alkalosis”
impairment in renal
HCO3 excretion
K
deficiency
stimulates HCO3 exit
decreased
Cl delivery
impairs HCO3 exit
raised
CO2
hormonal
angiotensin II
norepinephrine
Metabolic alkalosis requires both to occur.
Metabolic Alkalosis
Chloride-responsive
Urine (Cl) < 10-20
Contraction
alkalosis
Chloride-unresponsive
Urine (Cl) > 10-20
Diuretics
Diuretics
Vomiting
Villous
Aldosteronism
adenoma
Gastric losses
Alkali
intake (antacids)
Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis
Treat underlying disorder!!
Correct hypovolemia with NS
Correct hypokalemia
Acetazolamide
inhibit
carbonic anhydrase
decreased promixal tubular HCO3 by 80%
IV dose 250 mg x1( pH corrects with 24 hrs)
Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis
If chloride deficit
replace volume
deficit = .4 x wt (kg) x (100 - measured Cl)
If chloride-unresponsive
K replacement or mineralcorticoid antagonist
(Aldactone)
If volume overload and unresponsive acetazolamide
consider CAVH with Cl infusion
Prolonged gastric suctioning
Use histamine-2 antagonist
Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders
Blood pCO2 tightly regulated
alternations
alveolar ventilation
central control (chemoreceptors CO2, pO2, pH)
Acidosis or alkalosis
primary
increase/decrease in CO2 production
may coexist with other acid-base disorders
Respiratory Acidosis
Inadequate ventilation
Acute
pH
changes .008 for every 1 mmHg change
Chronic
pH
changes .003 for every 1 mmHg change
Respiratory Acidosis
Airway obstruction
Status asthmaticus, severe asthma, COPD
Severe alveolar defects (edema, pneumonia,
ARDS)
CNS depression (drugs, brainstem damage)
Neuromuscular impairment
Ventilatory restriction (PTX, flail chest, burns)
Respiratory Acidosis
Increase in pCO2
increase in HCO3
intracellular
buffering
cellular loss of HCO3 to ECF
adaptive renal HCO3 reabsorption (late)
Clinical manifestations
anxiety
encephalopathy
SOB
myoclonus
delirium
seizures
Respiratory Acidosis
Treatment
Supplemental
oxygen
Aggressive pulmonary toilet
Treatment of pneumonia
Bronchodilators
Removal of obstruction
Mechanical ventilation
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation
Acute
pH
changes .008 for every 1 mmHg change
Chronic
pH
changes .017 for every 1 mmHg change
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic
encephalopathy
Hepatic failure
Anxiety
Early sepsis
Pulmonary embolism
Hypoxia
CHF
Severe head injury
CVA
Mechanical
overventilation
Salicylate overdose
Pregnancy
Respiratory Alkalosis
Decrease in pCO2
HCO3
cellular
decrease in
uptake HCO3
Induces cellular uptake of K and phosphate
Increases binding of ionized Ca to albumin
Manifestations
arrhythmias
facial/peripherial
muscle
cramps
syncope
seizures
paraesthesias
Respiratory Alkalosis
Treatment
Calm
patient
Carbon dioxide rebreathing
Treat underlying disorder
Administer sedative
Mechanical ventilation
Case Study #1
87 m found unresponsive in hospital bed
Hospital History
POD
1 bladder cystoscopy-TURP
Overnight hydrated D5 1/2 NS at 75 cc/hr
PMH: HTN, kidney stones, prostate CA, CAD
Case Study #1
Transferred to ICU
Vitals
Temp
37.2
BP 80/42
P 116, RR 24,
O2 sat 84%
PE
Lungs
crackles
Responsive to pain only, otherwise non-focal
Case Study #1
WBC
Hct
PLT
NA
K
Cl
CO2
BUN
Cr
Glucose
Alb
Ca
Mg
Osm
Case Study #1
WBC
Hct
PLT
NA
K
Cl
CO2
BUN
Cr
Glucose
Alb
Ca
Mg
Osm
Admission
POD1
9.95
28.5
183
137
3.3
105
28
23
1.4
250
3.65
17.7
81
117
3.7
86
16
24
2.1
105
2.2
6.4
0.7
288
Case Study #1
Admission POD1
WBC
Hct
PLT
NA
K
Cl
CO2
BUN
Cr
Glucose
Alb
Ca
Mg
Osm
9.95
28.5
183
137
3.3
105
28
23
1.4
250
3.65
17.7
81
117
3.7
86
16
24
2.1
105
2.2
6.4
0.7
288
PT/PTT
ABG
CXR
EKG
CPK
Anything else ?
Case Study #1
Admission POD1
WBC
Hct
PLT
NA
K
Cl
CO2
BUN
Cr
Glucose
Alb
Ca
Mg
Osm
9.95
28.5
183
137
3.3
105
28
23
1.4
250
3.65
17.7
81
117
3.7
86
16
24
2.1
105
2.2
6.4
0.7
288
PT 1.3 / PTT 44
ABG 7.26/83/29
CXR: pulm edema
EKG: NS ST-T changes
CPK: wnl
Anything else… ?
Case Study #1
Admission POD1
WBC
Hct
PLT
NA
K
Cl
CO2
BUN
Cr
Glucose
Alb
Ca
Mg
Osm
9.95
28.5
183
137
3.3
105
28
23
1.4
250
3.65
17.7
81
117
3.7
86
16
24
2.1
105
2.2
6.4
0.7
288
PT 1.3/PTT 44
ABG 7.26/83/29
CXR: pulm edema
EKG: NS ST-T changes
CPK: wnl
Anion gap…
S Osmolarity…
NA - CO2 - Cl = 15
2 Na + Glu/18 + BUN/2.8 = 248
Case Study #1
ICU Day 1
Intubated
Vasopressors
PA catheter
CI 2.1 L/min/m2
Wedge 18 mmHg
CVP 16
SVR 2100
CT
brain negative
EEG metabolic encephalopathy
Diagnosis: Glycine Toxicity
TURP/continuous bladder irrigation
Solution 1.5% glycine
hypotonic (200 mOsm/L)
Usually continuous aspirated during procedure
absorption through venules in bladder wall
absorption through ruptured prostate capsule
Remains extracellular
osmotically active
dilutional hyponatremia/elevated osmolal gap
Diagnosis: Glycine Toxicity
Metabolic fate
transported
intracellular
breakdown
creatinine, CO2, H2O, NH4, glucose
hippurate, glyoxylate, formate, oxalate
Constellation of labs
hyponatremia
and elevated osmolal gap
increased serum NH4 (metabolism to ammonia)
hypocalcemia (binding oxalates)
anemia and thrombocytopenia (hemolysis/dilution)
Diagnosis: Glycine Toxicity
Clinical presentation
nausea
and emesis
hypotension
mental status changes
thrombocytopenia
SOB (edema, worse with CHF)
Therapy
Fluid
and electrolyte management
Diagnosis: Glycine Toxicity
Outcome
sepsis
could not be ruled out
started on antibiotics
dialysis could not be performed due to pt’s
wishes
cystogram negative for perforation
blood cx: e coli
developed ARDS, ATN, SB ischemia
POD 13 death