Transcript No Slide Title

Forest Fires
(Indofire)
Environment
Assessment
Programme for
Asia and the Pacific
Forest Fire
TYPES OF FOREST FIRES
WHAT IS IT?
1. Underground Fire
“A forest fire is defined as any fire in
Consumes organic material beneath
forest land which is not being used as
the surface (peat swamps, coal seams)
a tool in forest protection or management
in accordance with an authorized plan.”
2. Surface Fires
(SAF, 1964)
Burn surface litter, loose debris of
forest floor (common in tropical forests)
3. Crown Fire
Consumes upper branches and
foliage (common in pine forests)
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Causes
MAN MADE FACTORS

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


Slash and burn agricultural practice
Land clearing practice using fire
Farmers burn forest to get high yield
Grazing land management by using fire
Fires by accident (hunting, campsites)
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NATURAL FACTORS
 Weather phenomena
(drought, El Nino, lightning)
 Vegetation type (fuel types)
Impact and Damages
Land




Loss of agricultural/plantation crops
Destruction of forest land
Loss of grazing land
Loss of soil properties
Human Health
 Increase of smoke-induced
respiratory diseases
 Loss of human life
Water
Economy
 Pollution of surface water
 Pollution of underground water




Air
Biodiversity
 Pollution due to haze/smog
 Loss of visibility
 Generation of greenhouse gas
 Reduction of sunlight
 Loss of medicinal plants
 Loss of endangered species
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Loss in trade of forest products
Loss of government revenue
Cancellation of flights/ships
Loss of income from tourism
Needs for Prevention
1. Fire Hazard Reduction




Identification of potential risk areas
Construction of fire breaks
Felling of dead trees
Make people aware of the risk areas
2. Fire Detection
 Detection through observation,
lookout-towers
 Aerial detection (aircrafts)
 Infrared scanner
 Remote sensing data
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3. Fire Suppression



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Use of hand tools, pumps, hose
Aircraft bombardments
Air-borne tankers
Use of chemicals

INDONESIA
Sources of Forest Fire, 1997
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INDONESIA
Indonesia Forest Fires and Extent of Smog, 1997
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INDONESIA
Forest Fires, 1997
SOURCE: WORLD WILDLIFE FUND
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INDONESIA
Forest Fires, 1984-1997
300000
Area in hectares
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
El Niño Years
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INDONESIA
Forest Fires by Function, 1997
FOREST FUNCTION
Protection Forest
Production Forest
Nature Reserves
Recreation Parks
National Parks
Grand Forest Parks
Research Forest
Urban Forest
Hunting Reserves
TOTAL
AREA (Hectares)
21,962.74
163,443.97
17,238.16
1,415.50
54,331.13
652.63
4,740.58
5.00
201.50
263,991.21
PERCENTAGE(%)
8.319
61.913
6.530
0.536
20.582
0.240
1.800
0.003
0.077
100.000
Source: Ditjen Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam, 1998
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INDONESIA
Assessment of Forest Fire Hazard in Indonesia, 1997-98
Resource Impact
Loss/Magnitude Remarks
Land
Total area burned
Forest area burned
Agricultural/Plantation
Others (unproductive)
5 million hectares
1 million hectares
2.5 million hectares
1.5 million hectares
Water
Pollution of Surface Water
Pollution of Ground Water
Air
Air Pollution due to haze
and smog
(Smog covered up to
3,200 km in 6 countries)
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Includes forest,
agriculture land
Plantations include
Palm oil & Rubber
Yet to be estimated
API= 839 (Sarawak)
API 100-200 : Unhealthy
201-300 : Very U/h
301-500 : Hazard
Air Quality (SO2, NOx,
CO, SPM)= 700
micrograms/m3
AQ 120
micrograms/meter3
(Normal)
Visibility < 15 meter
Visibility 1000 meter
(Normal)
INDONESIA (Air Quality in Various Fire Locations)
August-September 1997
PROVINCES
TOTAL DUST (g/m3)
24 Hours
3 Hours
N. Sumatra
1,600-1,900 480-570
W. Sumatra
330-350
99-105
Riaui
1,500-2,040 450-612
Jambi
862-2,866
259-860
S. Sumatra
2,700
810
W. Kalimantan
950-2,300
285-690
C. Kalimantan
1,310-2,790 393-837
S. Kalimantan
430
129
Critical Threshold 260
260
SO2(g/m3) NOX(g/m3) CO (g/m3)
0.05-0.08
0.00-0.08
20.1-181.3
0.15
817-1,266
0.15
92.5
Source: MoH
Remarks: Ttd = Undetectable
Italic Points show the figure has exceeded the critical threshold
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0.04-0.12
Ttd10.2-40.9
6.3-21.8
186.5
0.03
23
9.2-16.0
22.9-30.9
1.7
6.9-12.6
-
INDONESIA
Assessment of Forest Fire Hazard in Indonesia, 1997-98
Resource Impact
Loss/Magnitude Remarks
Human Health People suffered from smoke- 70 million affected
induced respiratory prob.
40,000 hospitalized
Economy
Indonesian Airbus Crashed
2 ships collided
234 passengers died
38 people died
Indonesian Police
3 people died
No. of deaths reported
262 people
Bronchitis, eye infection, etc..
Due to low visibility
Total loss US$ 4.5 billion (WWF Study)
Forestry Companies loss
US $12.5 million
Cancellation of 3,372 flights
due to low visibility
US $ 6 million loss
Factories, schools and
offices were closed
Loss of Income from tourism
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Increased no. patients prone to Asthma,
Effect on Tourism
Loss in trade and
business
US $26 billion/year
Sharp decline in revenues
INDONESIA
Assessment of Forest Fire Hazard in Indonesia, 1997-98
FIRE-RELATED DAMAGES (IN USD MILLIONS)
Type of Loss
Lost to Indonesia Lost to other
Total
Countries
Timber
493.7
Agriculture
Direct Forest Benefits
Indirect Forest Benefits 1077.1
Capturable Biodiversity
30.0
Fire Fighting Cost
11.7
Carbon Release
---TOTAL FIRE
2787.9
---470.4
705.0
------13.4
272.1
285.5
493.7
---470.4
---705.0
1077.1
30.0
25.1
272.1
3073.4
HAZE-RELATED DAMAGES (IN USD MILLIONS)
Short term health
Tourism
Other
TOTAL
TOTAL FIRE & HAZE
924.0
70.4
17.6
1012.0
3799.9 (85%)
(Study undertaken by WWF-Indonesia & EEPSEA, May 1998)
16.8
185.8
181.5
384.1
669.6 (15%)
940.8
256.2
199.1
1396.1
4469.5
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INDONESIA (Haze Related Health Cases)
September-November 1997
PROVINCES
NO. OF EXPOSED
POPULATION
Riau
1,701,000
W. Sumatra
2,411,000
Jambi
1,478,000
S. Sumatra
2,355,000
W. Kalimantan 1,848,000
C. Kalimantan
716,000
S. Kalimantan
1,733,000
E. Kalimantan
118,000
TOTAL
12,360,000
DEATH
75
106
65
104
74
29
69
5
527
NUMBER OF CASES
ASTHMA BRONCHITIS ARI
41,028
7,995
199,017
58,154
11,332
282,087
35,650
6,947
172,926
56,803
11,069
275,535
44,574
8,686
216,216
17,270
3,366
83,772
41,800
8,145
202,761
2,846
555
13,806
298,125
58,095
1,446,120
Source: Report on Forest and Land Fires in Indonesia - Impacts, Factors and Evaluation
Volume 1, September 1998 / State Ministry for Environmental Republic of
Indonesia and UNDP
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INDONESIA
Assessment of Forest Fire Hazard in Indonesia, 1997-98
Resource Impact
Loss/Magnitude Remarks
Bio-diversity
Loss
20% reduction in Sunlight
60C Temp. lowered
from the normal
Medicinal Species affected
Animals affected by blazes
(elephants, bears
Sumatran tigers, snakes,
birds, Orangutans)
100 no.s
30 female Orangutans
died
Will affect fungi in the
soil that promote
new growth
Only 25,000 Orangutans
exist in the world
30,000 long-limbed
apes in Kalimantan
face serious threat
100-200 Sumatran
Rhinos face problem
1800 elephants in
danger of starvation
in Sumatra
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60 Javan Rhinos are
the rarest Rhino in Asia
Existing Early Detection/Monitoring System
ASMC
INTRANET
INDONESIA / MALAYSIA
(automated data processing)
NOAA Satellite Data
hot spots
Aerial Surveillance
Ground Survey
Fire Suppression
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Notes from Third Working Group Meeting
on RFA (16 July 1998)
NOAA DATA CHARACTERISTICS
 Resolution - 1.1 Km.
 Revisit Cycle - 4 times/day
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
 Need of coordinates of ‘hot spots’
(3 RFA, 16 July 1998)
 NOAA for general monitoring, not
early detection (4th AMMH, 18-19 June
1998, Singapore)
?
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Enhanced Early Detection and Monitoring
System
ASMC
INTRANET
INDONESIA / MALAYSIA
(automated data processing)
NOAA
Satellite
Data
hot spots
Aerial Surveillance
CONFIRMED COORDINATES
Ground Survey
N
E
W
S
Acquisition of high resolution satellite data
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Fire Suppression
NOAA AVHRR IMAGE OVER BORNEO
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NOAA AVHRR
Borneo
Sumatra
Java Sea
Smoke
21 October 1997 / 2:53:32 P.M.
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NOAA AVHRR - Zoom
21 October 1997
2:53:32 P.M.
Sumatra, Indonesia
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Landsat
Borneo
Java Sea
21 October 1997 / 9:47:00 A.M.
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LANDSAT - Zoom
River
Active Fire
Location:
Long. 102o59’57”E
Lat.
-2o35’12”S
Burned
Areas
Plantation
Area
21 October 1997
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LANDSAT - Zoom
21 October 1997
Burned
Areas
Active Fire
Location:
Long. 103o01’29”E
Lat.
-2o37’35”S
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LANDSAT - Zoom
21 October 1997
Active Fire Location:
Long. 103o01’31”E
Lat.
-2o47’46”S
Burned
Areas
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SPOT
1 March 1998 / 10:38:58 A.M.
Forest
River
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SPOT - Zoom
1 March 1998
Origin of
Forest fire
Plantation
Area
Burned
Area
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SPOT - Zoom
1 March 1998
Origin of
Forest fires
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ERS-2 ATSR Image over Sumatra
30 September 1997
Hot Spots
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DMSP* Image over Indonesia
September 25, 1997
Fire
Source: NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC
* Defence Meteorological Satellite Program, USA
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IRS / Date of Pass: 07 January 1996
Dense
Forest
Reservoir
Cloud
River
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Aerial Surveillance
 Can be equipped with a High Resolution Infra-red Scanner
or Multi-spectoral Scanner
 The data can be used for other purposes, as well
Origin of
Forest fires
Example of infra-red picture of fire
(Transasia Aerial Consulting Inc. Ltd.)
Airborne Infra-red Technology
Resolution: 3.8m
Scale: 1:1000
Area Coverage: 5,887 km2/day
Cost: US$10,000/day
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Recent news on Indonesia Forest Fires, 7 March 2000
Recent news on Indonesia Forest Fires, 7 March 2000
A (103 degree 11'38"E, 0 degree 24'17"N)
B (103 degree 9'52"E, 0 degree 21'34"N)
C (103 degree 8'49"E, 0 degree 21'5"N)
D (103 degree 4'25"E, 0 degree 16'11"N)
E (103 degree 3'1"E, 0 degree 13'21"N)
F (103 degree 3'18"E, 0 degree 6'40"N)
G (103 degree 2'26"E, 0 degree 5'6"N)
Examples of High Resolution Satellite Data
Satellite
Resolution
Revisit
Cycle
Area
Coverage
Cost
(per scene)
Landsat
30 meter
16 days
34,225 km2
US$ 4,200
SPOT
10, 20m.
1-3, 26 days
3,600 km2
US$ 2,500
IRS
5.8, 23m.
5, 24 days
4,900 km2
US$ 3,200
Radarsat
10-55m.
24 days
2,025 km2
N/A
JERS
18, 24m.
44 days
5,625 km2
US$ 200
ERS
30m.
35 days
10,000 km2
US$ 1,500
 Data can be acquired through satellite programming
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Suggested Steps for One Province
Together with designated Center complete a pilot module:
a) Selection of a priority province
b) Prepare (collect) Baseline GIS database
c) Prepare fire hazard maps
d) Prepare fire simulation modeling
e) Provide Training, Hardware, Software Support
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Proposed Activities
PHASE I
 Help get high resolution data to ASMC
 Train ASMC professionals in handling
high resolution satellite data
 Hard ware/Software support to ASMC
PHASE II
 Assist ASMC in providing training to
Indonesian counterparts in handling
NOAA and high resolution satellite data
 Hard ware/Soft ware support to Indonesia
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