Transcript Social Capital - Concordia University

Social Capital – Theory,
Measures, and Policy
Bill Reimer
with the NRE Team
[email protected]
2005/07/26
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1
How can rural Canada
(re)vitalize?
• Identify the conditions that have
contributed to devitalization
• Organize assets and resources to do
the things considered important
This ability to organize is:
Capacity
Capacity transforms assets into valued outcomes
2
CAPACITY MODEL
ASSETS
•Economic Capital
•Human Skills and
Abilities
•Social Capital
•Natural
Resources
PROCESSES
•Market
•Bureaucratic
•Associative
•Communal
OUTCOMES
•Economic wealth
•Social and political
inclusion
•Social Cohesion
•Environmental
security
•Social and selfworth
•Health
•Personal Security
outcomes can become new assets and liabilities
Return
3
Context Matters
•exposure to global
economies
•stability of the local
economy
•adjacency to metro
regions
•social and institutional
capacity
CAPACITY MODEL
ASSETS
•Economic
Capital
•Human Skills
and Abilities
•Social Capital
•Natural
Resources
OUTCOMES
wealth
•Social and political
inclusion
•Social Cohesion
•Environmental
security
•Social and selfworth
•Health
•Personal Security
•Economic
PROCESSES
•Market
•Bureaucratic
•Associative
•Communal
outcomes can become new assets and liabilities
4
The NRE Sample Frame
High Capacity
Global
FluctuExposed ating
Stable
Local
FluctuExposed ating
Stable
Low Capacity
Lead
Lag
Lead
Lag
Adjac.
175
27
46
15
Distant
251
13
124
44
Adjac.
4
26
8
19
Distant
5
16
18
30
Adjac.
4
5
4
9
Distant
12
16
5
13
Adjac.
12
100
7
45
Distant
15
99
16
56
5
NRE…The Rural Observatory
…an
International
Network
6
Social Capital
relationships, networks, and associated
norms that facilitate collective action
• One type of asset or resource (stock)
• Social assets potentially useful for outcomes
• Network structures
 Bonding, bridging, linking, density, etc.
• Normative structures
 Market, bureaucratic, associative, communal
Capacity
Model
7
The Type of Social Relation Matters
Smith
President
Robson
Economic
Jones
Social
Polson
Political
Bureaucratic
Market
High Capacity =
Agility with all systems
Associative
Communal
8
How is social capital to be
measured?
• Social capital is about social relations
• Reflected in institutions, organizations,
groups, events (AVAILABLE social capital)
• Reflected in the USE of these groups and
networks
• Rooted in 4 types of social relations
9
Measuring AVAILABLE Social Capital
• Market relations: Enterprises, Financial
institutions (formal and informal),
commercial services
• Bureaucratic relations: Schools, Gov’t
organizations, corporations
• Associative relations: Voluntary associations
• Communal relations: Family networks,
Daycares, Senior citizens’ centres, Religious
organizations, Community-integration events
Sites
10
Measuring USE of Social Capital
• Market-based: Employment, M-Internet,
market services, employment organizations,
market support
• Bureaucratic-based: B-Internet,
bureaucratic services, actions re.
bureaucracies, bureaucratic support
• Associative-based: A-Internet, associative
services, associative-based groups,
associative actions, associative support
• Communal-based: C-Internet, sharing
goods, sharing services, family support
11
Are the normative structures related?
Within Levels
Sites: Market, Bureaucratic, Associative correlate
HHs: Bureaucratic, Associative, Communal correlate
Across Levels
Available social capital not always used .
Type of social capital matters .
Census proxies depend on type of social capital .
Policy: Third sector strategic choice for economy
12
Does context have specific effects on
production and use of social capital?
• Yes (more social capital use in):
 Connected to global economy
 Fluctuating local economy
 Remote from metropolitan centres
 Low institutional capacity
 Socio-economic leaders
• Condition relationship between social capital
and outcomes .
13
Policy Implications
• Build from social capital strengths
 Social capitals are substitutable
• Organize for incompatibilities
 e.g. Bureaucratic and Associative
• Adapt to local conditions
 Non-metro: Associative and Communal
 Globally connected: Associative
• Develop multiple measures
14
Social Capital Theory, Measures,
and Policy
The Canadian Rural Revitalization
Foundation
nre.concordia.ca
www.crrf.ca
2005/07/26
Become an
investor
today!
15
NRE Field Sites by AVAILABLE Types of Social Capital
20
16
12
8
4
0
Co m m u n al
A s s o c i ati ve
B u re au c rati c
Ma rket
Source: 19 NRE Site Profiles 2000
Return
16
Correlation between Types of
AVAILABLE Social Capital: Site-level
Bureaucratic Associative
Market
Bureaucratic
.76**
Communal
.84**
.29
.87**
.12
Associative
(r) 19 sites – raw sums with skewed variables logged ** p<.01
Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000
.13
Return
17
Correlation between Types of USE
of Social Capital: HH-level
Bureau.
Market
.18
Bureau.
Associative
(r) 1995 HHs – sums of logged items p<.01
Source: NRE HH Survey 2001
Associative Communal
.28
.27
.37
.41
.29
Return
18
AVAILABLE Social Capital is not always USED
AVAILABILITY of Social Capital
(Site-level)
USE of SoKp
(HH-level)
Market
Bureau.
Assoc.
Market
.12
.08
.21
.15
Bureaucratic
.22
.13
.35
.29
Associative
.20
.09
.28
.22
Communal
-.18
.09
.07
Total
.19
.12
.32
•
•
•
Comm.
Total
.05*
(r) (N=1849) Unless otherwise indicated p<.01; * p<.05
Availability is measured at the site level (Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000)
Use is measured at the household level (Source: NRE HH Survey 2001)
.25
Return
19
Type of USE of Social Capital matters
Return
for HH Incomes
•
•
•
•
$8,000
B Coefficient
$6,000
$4,000
•
•
$2,000
•
•
$0
($2,000)
e
v
ti
a l
ci a
o n tic
ss u a
A m cr
m
o u
C ea
r
u e
B Siz ion
H t
H ca
u
d t
E rke
a
M
($4,000)
•
•
Adj. R2 = .37
Constant = $9102
N = 1697
Logged values for
USE of social
capital
P < .05
Source: NRE HH
survey, 2001
Total HH income
Market,
bureaucratic,
communal,
associative:
indexes of types of
social capital
Education of the
respondent
HH Size: number
of people in the
household
20
Census Proxies for Social Capital
Total
LF Particip.
.45*
Median HH
.66*
Income
% Gov’t
Transfers
% English MT .58**
IQV Visible
Minorities
.50*
Market
Bureau.
Assoc.
Comm.
.74*
.81**
.52*
-.73**
.70**
.55*
.58**
.67**
.60*
Next
Return
• (r) (N=19) * p<.05; ** p<.01
21
• Average social capital by site (Source: NRE HH Survey 2001; Statistics Canada, Census 2001)
Use of Associative Social Capital by
Census Proxy
• R2(Adj)=.56
• Census Variables:
4.0
20
3.5
 IQV for Visible
3.0
16
2.5
11
15
2.0
2
12
4
19
14
7
8
10
9
1.5
•
13
18
1
17
5
•
3
6
1.0
-2
-1
0
1
Regression Standardized Predicted Value
2
Minorities and others
 % English Mother
Tongue
Average of Use of
Associative social
capital
NRE HH Survey
2001
3
Return
22
Perception vs. Behaviour-based Indicators
Return
of Social Cohesion
Market Bureau Assoc.
Community
Cohesion
Psychol.
Cohesion
Attractiveness
Neighbourliness
Comnl
Total
.10
.11
.25
.18
.24
.09
.12
.25
.17
.24
.14
.08
.09
.15
.20
.21
.13
(r) All correlations significant at .01 level (2-tailed)
.08
Source: NRE HH survey 2001: 1991 respondents 23
Use of Social Capital by NRE Sample
Frame Dimensions
Market
Global
Stable
.18**
-.12**
.05*
-.06**
Adjac.
Hi Cap. Leading
.18**
Bureau.
Assoc.
Comm. .05*
-.05*
Total
-.10**
.10**
-.06**
.17**
-.11**
-.05*
• (r) (N=1995) * p<.05; ** p<.01 (confirmed by ANOVA)
• Use is measured at the site level (Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000)
-.05*
.16**
Return
24
Context Important for Transforming
Assets into Outcomes (e.g. Income)
Total
Stable
Fluct.
N.Adj
Metro
Adj.
LoCap.
HiCap.
R2
.37 .42 .35 .29
Market
1
1
1
1
Educ
2
2
2
2
HH Size 3
3
4
4
Bureau. 4
4
6
3
Comm.
5
5
5
Assoc.
6
3
5
.43
1
2
3
5
4
6
.41
1
2
4
6
3
5
.31
1
2
3
4
.43
1
2
5
6
4
3
.35
1
2
3
4
•
•
•
Local
Global
Regression of HH Income on Social Capital, etc. under NRE Sample Frame conditions
Ranks based on standardized coefficients
• USE of social capital
Return
Source: NRE HH Survey 2001 (1995 HHs)
25
Smith
President
Robson
Economic
Jones
Social
Polson
Political
Bureaucratic
Market
High Capacity =
Agility among systems
Associative
Communal
26
What are the most appropriate levels of analysis for
evaluating collective social capital?
What are the limits of aggregation of individual social
capital for estimating collective social capital?
• Depends on the purpose
• Our objective: Rural Revitalization
• Strategy:
 Examine multiple levels (households, sites,
regions, provinces, nation)
 Examine social capital within and across levels
27
Can communities be analyzed as
“networks of networks”?
• Networks used in complex ways
 e.g. Health: Communal, Associative,
Bureaucratic integration
• Low correlation between community as
action and community as perception
 e.g. social cohesion
Policy: multiple strategies for social cohesion
28