Transcript Social Exclusion and Support

Social Exclusion and Social
Support in Rural Canada
Bill Reimer
Concordia University
[email protected]
2004/07/27
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Social Exclusion and Inclusion
• About access to resources and services
• Focus on processes by which it occurs
• Mediated by social relations
• Conditioned by context
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Smith
President
Robson
Economic
Jones
Social
Polson
Political
Bureaucratic
Market
High Capacity =
Agility among systems
Associative
Communal
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Social Relations in the NRE
• Market and Bureaucratic more important
 Individual: bank machines, medical services,
jobs
 Community: municipal services, economic
development
• Associative and communal stressed




Smaller pool
How do these
Mobility undermines trust
affect access to
Centralization increases demands
social supports?
Specialization disadvantages small places
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Research Approach
• Household survey (1995 interviews)
• 22 of the 32 sites in the NRE Rural
Observatory
• Provides:
 Social Support information
 Contextual information
 Field site level
 Relationship to the regional and global economy
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Family and friends are critical
% used by HH
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Market
Bureaucratic
Bonding
Associative
Communal
Linking
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Supports most often used in
combination
% used by HH
25
20
15
10
5
0
Bur.-Comm
Communal
Bureau.
M-B-C
B-A-C
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The type of change matters
80
% used by HH
70
60
Market
Bureaucratic
Associative
Communal
50
40
30
20
10
0
Finances
Health
Living
Family
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Not all social support is helpful
% ‘Helpful’ or ‘Very Helpful’
% helpful or very helpful
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Market
20 NRE Field Sites – 1995 cases
Bureaucratic
Associative
Communal
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Helpfulness varies by type of change
and support
90
% helpful or very helpful
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
Finances
Market
Health
Bureaucratic
Living
Associative
Family
Communal
10
% used by HH
Single mother status options
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Market
(* = p < .05)
Bureaucratic
Associative*
Single Mothers (N=26)
Communal*
Others (N=1379)
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HH median income options
70
% used by HH
60
<$20K
$20-29K
$30-39K
$40-59K
$60-79K
$80K+
50
40
30
20
10
0
Market*
Bureaucratic* Associative
Communal
(* = p < .05
N= 1216)
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Employment options
% used by HH
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Market*
(* = p < .05)
Bureaucratic*
No Employed person
Associative*
Communal*
At least 1 employed
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Employment Interactions
% used by HH
75
70
65
60
Unemployed
Employed
55
50
45
40
Low
High
Communal-Based Social Capital
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High
income
Income Interactions
Low
income
% used by HH
30
<$20K
$20 to $29K
$30 to $39K
$40 to $59K
$60 to $79K
$80K+
25
20
15
10
5
0
Low
High
Associative-based social capital
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Global Exposure Interactions
% used by HH
High
Exposure
Low
Exposure
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Low
High
Global
Exposure
Low
High
Communal-based Social Capital
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Key Points and Implications
• The processes are complex
• Case studies in systematic, comparative
context
• Policies must be flexible
• Coordinate strategies and approaches
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Social Exclusion and Social
Support in Rural Canada
The Canadian Rural Revitalization
Foundation
nre.concordia.ca
www.crrf.ca
reimer.concordia.ca
2004/07/27
Become a
supporter
today!
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