Can Xunzi’s Tenet on Human Nature Provide the Foundation

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Transcript Can Xunzi’s Tenet on Human Nature Provide the Foundation

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy

By Masayuki Sato Lecture Nine The Philosophy of Transformation and Oneness: The

Book of Zhuangzi

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「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣

2.5

版授權釋出】 The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 2.5 License of “BY-NC-SA”.

Contents of Today’s Lecture 1/2

 (1) The Origin of Philosophical Daoism  (2) On the text and its author(s)  (3) The Main Arguments:  a.) Original nothingness/oneness  b.) Concept of Heaven (

tian

天 ) and man (

ren

人 )  c.) Qualities of different strata of human beings  d.) Concept of Transformation (

wuhua

物化 )

Contents of Today’s Lecture 2/2

 e.) The path for the mastery of the Way  (4) A Comparison the Main Arguments in the

Book of Laozi

and the

Book of Zhuangzi

 (5) Supplemental discussion: The

Zhuangzi

’s philosophy and the movie of Hayao Miyazaki  (6) Questions for further discussion

A few introductory remarks

 The

Book of Zhuangzi

exhibits a genius talent for its use of imaginary dialogue and allegory.

 It intends to destroy completely our understanding on standard and value orientation to see and think of our world.

 A main motif in these dialogue and allegory is that human beings is minute.  Its content is “truly” philosophical exactly in the sense that Nietzsche’s work can be called so.

On the text and its author

(s)  The life of the author  莊子者，蒙人也，名周。周嘗為蒙漆園吏，与梁惠王、齊宣王同時。其學無所不窺，然其要本歸于老子之言。故其著書十余万言，大抵率寓言也。作漁父、盜跖、胠篋，以詆訿孔子之徒，以明老子之術。  引自《史記‧老子韓非列傳》

Sima Qian’s description on Zhuangzi’s life and book

 Zhuangzi lived in a town of Meng (in the state of Song). He has worked as a lacquer farm manager. He lived during the reign of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi. His argument covers almost all topics, yet they were written on the basis of the Laozi’s thought. His book consists of approximately a hundred thousand words are in general imaginary, metaphoric fables, which criticized doctrine of Confucianism. National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

About the text

 Sima Qian i.e., “ 漁父司馬遷 enumerates three chapters, Yufu” “ 盜跖 Daozhi” and “ Quqie” as Zhuangzi’s own work.

胠篋  Later, Guo Xiang 郭象 (d. 312) compiled it into the present form, which consists of three groups, namely, “Inner Chapters”, “Outer Chapters” and “Mischellaneous Chapters.” Guo himself believed that the contents of “Inner Chapter” could represent Zhuangzi’s own thought.

Implication from the description of his life and the formation of the text  The life of Zhuangzi can be conjectured almost only from patchy descriptions in the

Book of Zhuangzi

. Yet, judging by a number of dialogues with a sophist thinker, Hui Shi 惠施 , we can assume that he lived during the same age with Mencius.

  To the extent that the order of present text has been made by Guo Xiang, who lived six hundred years later, its present order cannot means the representation of its authorship.

The last chapter (Tianxia 天下 Chapter) was obviously written by his follower, and is one of most well-written comprehensive critique on the Warring State thought.

Characteristics of Thought: original nothingness and chaos=oneness      Just as the

Laozi

, the

Zhuangzi

also exalts “original state” from which the universe came into being. Yet, in contrast with the

Laozi

’s which emphasizes the creativity, The

Zhuangzi

’s “original state” contains four level of meanings: “

無 ” (nothingness), “ “

weiyou shi

未有 ” (pre-existence) “ Hundun ” 渾沌 (Chaos) 始 ” (original chaos) “

一 ” (oneness).

Original nothingness

 古之人，其知有所至矣。惡乎至？有以為未始有物者，至矣盡矣，不可以加矣。其次以為有物矣，而未始有封也。其次以為有封焉，而未始有是非也。  《齊物論》

Original nothingness

 Among the men of old their knowledge reached the extreme point. What was that extreme point? Some held that at first there was not anything. This is the extreme point, the utmost point to which nothing can be added. A second class held that there was something, but without any responsive recognition of it (on the part of men). A third class held that there was such recognition, but there had not begun to be any expression of different opinions about it.

Original Chaos or oneness

 南海之帝為儵，北海之帝為忽，中央之帝為渾沌。儵與忽時相與遇於渾沌之地，渾沌待之甚善。儵與忽謀報渾沌之德，曰： “人皆有七竅，以視聽食息，此獨無有，嘗試鑿之。”日鑿一竅，七日而渾沌死。  《應帝王》

Original Chaos or oneness

 南海之帝為儵，北海之帝為忽，中央之帝為渾沌。儵與忽時相與遇於渾沌之地，渾沌待之甚善。儵與忽謀報渾沌之德，曰： “人皆有七竅，以視聽食息，此獨無有，嘗試鑿之。”日鑿一竅，七日而渾沌死。  Terms

shu

儵 and

“for short”, “quick” 忽 both meant “instantly”  Hundun (chaos) meant “whirlpool” or “vortex”



Original Chaos or oneness

The Ruler of the Southern Ocean was Shu, the Ruler of the Northern Ocean was Hu, and the Ruler of the Centre was Chaos. Shu and Hu were continually meeting in the land of Chaos, who treated them very well. They consulted together how they might repay his kindness, and said, 'Men all have seven orifices for the purpose of seeing, hearing, eating, and breathing, while this (poor) Ruler alone has not one. Let us try and make them for him.‘ Accordingly they dug one orifice in him every day; and at the end of seven days Chaos died.

Contrast between two worlds

   Eternal, non-existent, infinite, chaotic character of ideal/ancient/ultimate world vs.

Transcient, existing only in very limited time and space, articulated character of our world

Contrast between two worlds

 Eternal, non-existent, infinite

, chaotic

character of ideal/ancient/ultimate world  vs.

 Transcient, existing only in very limited time and space,

articulated

character of our world

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

 The Ruler of the Centre was Chaos…. Accordingly they dug one orifice in him every day; and at the end of seven days Chaos died.

Chaos Beginning of the history of human being

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

Splitting into Heaven’s and human spheres As historical “degradation” proceeded, chaos has splited into two spheres: Heaven and human Sphere of Heaven Infinite nature chaos National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato history

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

Splitting into Heaven’s and human spheres Sphere of Heaven Natural and infinite Sphere of human Action and finite Chaos articulation National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato 人

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

人 

Sphere of Heaven

• • 《莊子‧秋水》：「何謂天？何謂人？」北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天；落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。故曰，无以人滅天，无以故滅命。」《莊子‧在宥》：「何謂道？有天道，有人道。无為而尊者，天道也；有為而累者，人道也。」 •

Sphere of human

Articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi



The sphere of Heaven

人 • • 《莊子‧秋水》：「何謂天？何謂人？」北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天；落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。故曰，无以人滅天，无以故滅命。」《莊子‧在宥》：「何謂道？有天道，有人道。无為而尊者，天道也；有為而累者，人道也。」 •

The sphere of Humans

The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres

 「何謂天？何謂人？」北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天；落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。  “What is ‘heavenly’ and what is ‘human’s?” Beihairuo answered: “(All) cow and horse (naturally) have all four legs. That can be called ‘heavenly’. Human beings push horse head down, and pierce the nose of cows can be human’s deed.”

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

人 

Sphere of Heaven

Sphere of human

The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi



The Sphere of Heaven

The Sphere of Humans

The articulated world National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres

 无為而尊者，天道也；有為而累者，人道也。  Exhibiting its nature as “non-action” thus being reverent can be called the Way of Heaven; Exhibiting its nature as “doing” thus incurring troubles can be called the way of man

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi



The Sphere of Heaven

Mind practice • • 故曰，无以人滅天，无以故滅命。《莊子‧大宗師》：「天與人不相勝也，是之謂真人。」 •

The Sphere of humans



Sphere of Heaven

Maximization of realm of Heaven Minimization of the realm of Humans

Realm of Human

Characteristics of Thought: Division of [the sphere of] Heaven and human beings    Those characteristics which have been bestowed by nature called “Tian (heaven)” 天 The meaning of Heaven has changed from anthropomorphic god into natural process or power which decides attributes of things and all creatures.

Human beings vs. heaven



(河伯)曰：「何謂天？何謂人？」



北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天；落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。故曰，無以人滅天，無以故滅命，無以得殉名。謹守而勿失，是謂反其真。」( Qiushui 秋水)

  “What do you mean,” pursued the earl, “by the Heavenly, and by the Human?” Ruo replied, “Oxen and horses have four feet - that is what I call their Heavenly (constitution). When horses’ heads are haltered, and the noses of oxen are pierced, that is what I call (the doing of) Man. Hence it is said, ‘Do not by the Human (doing) extinguish the Heavenly (constitution); do not for your (Human) purpose extinguish the appointment (of Heaven); do not bury your (proper) fame in (such) a pursuit of it; carefully guard (the Way) and do not lose it: this is what I call reverting to your True (Nature).’”

Characteristics of Thought: Infinity and Non-distinction  The

Zhuangzi

argues that the realm of heaven exhibits its characteristics as infinite and non distinctive, contrasted with the spheres of things and all creatures as trivial.  Things (musical instruments): it stays in its unlimited state if it is not played.

 All creatures spring out from and vanish into the infinite process of natural providence .

Completeness of the Way



是非之彰也，道之所以虧也。道之所以虧，愛之所以成。果且有成與虧乎哉？果且無成與虧乎哉？有成與虧，故昭氏之鼓琴也；無成與虧，故昭氏之不鼓琴也。

Completeness of the Way

 It was through the definite expression of different opinions about it that there ensued injury to (the perfection of) the

Dao

. It was this injury to the (perfection of) the

Dao

which led to the formation of (partial) preferences. […] Such formation and injure appears during the state when master Zhao play the lute. If master Zhao does not play, such formation and injury would not occur.  The

Qiwulun

chapter

Zhuangzi’

s view on human qualities

•

The strata of human society

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human qualities

 不離於宗，謂之天人。不離於精，謂之神人。不離於真，謂之至人。以天為宗，以德為本，以道為門，兆於變化，謂之聖人。以仁為恩，以義為理，以禮為行，以樂為和，薰然慈仁，謂之君子。以法為分，以名為表，以參為驗，以稽為決，其數一二三四是也。百官以此相齒，以事為常，以衣食為主，蕃息畜藏，老弱孤寡為意，皆有以養，民之理也。 ( 《天下》 )

Levels of super human

 Not to be separate from his primal source constitutes what we call the

Heavenly man

;  not to be separate from the essential nature thereof constitutes what we call the

Miraculous man

;  not to be separate from its real truth constitutes what we call the

Perfect man

Levels of human/sage

 To regard Heaven as his primal Source, Its Attributes as the Root (of his nature), and the Dao as the Gate (by which he enters into this inheritance), (knowing also) the prognostics given in change and transformation, constitutes what we call the

Sagely man

Return to chaos / oneness

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the

Zhuangzi



Zhuangzi

’s idea of “transformation” (

wuhua

物化 ) is used in the following two senses:  (1) The unlimited kinds of transformation which can be happened in the Idealistic realm in the philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

 (2) Various kinds of transformation among creatures in the actual world which consist the chain between life and death, and death and life.

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

 (1) The first and ultimate sense of

Zhuangzi

’s “transformation”  This transformation can happan in the idealistic realm of

Zhuangzi

’s philosophy. It transpass the limitation of space and time, any form of existence.

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

 北冥有魚，其名為鯤。鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。化而為鳥，其名為鵬。〈逍遙遊〉  In the Northern Ocean there is a fish, the name of which is Kun - I do not know how many li in size. It changes into a bird with the name of Peng, the back of which is (also) - I do not know how many li in extent. When this bird rouses itself and flies, its wings are like clouds all round the sky.

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

 北冥有魚，其名為鯤。鯤之大，不知其幾千里也。化而為鳥，其名為鵬。〈逍遙遊〉  In the Northern Ocean there is a fish, the name of which is Kun - I do not know how many li in size.

It changes into a bird with the name of Peng,

the back of which is (also) - I do not know how many li in extent. When this bird rouses itself and flies, its wings are like clouds all round the sky.

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

 昔者莊周夢為胡蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也。自喻適志與！不知周也。俄然覺，則蘧蘧然周也。不知周之夢為胡蝶與？胡蝶之夢為周與？周與胡蝶，則必有分矣。此之謂物化。〈齊物論〉

T he Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

 昔者莊周夢為胡蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也。自喻適志與！不知周也。俄然覺，則蘧蘧然周也。不知周之夢為胡蝶與？胡蝶之夢為周與？周與胡蝶，則必有分矣。此之謂物論〉物化。〈齊

Zhuang Zhou’s dream of butterfly  Formerly, I, Zhuang Zhou, dreamt that I was a butterfly, a butterfly flying about, feeling that it was enjoying itself. I did not know that it was Zhou. Suddenly I awoke, and was myself again, the veritable Zhou. I did not know whether it had formerly been Zhou dreaming that he was a butterfly, or it was now a butterfly dreaming that it was Zhou. But between Zhou and a butterfly there must be a difference. This is a case of what is called “the Transformation of Things.”

the Transformation of Things .”

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi

 (2) The other kind of the “transformation” denotes the process of death and life among different kinds of creatures in the actual world.  This actual world is conceived of as the articulated world which has been degenerated from the original state of chaos.

Transformation in the actual world

 …久竹生青寧；青寧生程，程生馬，馬生人，人又反入於機。萬物皆出於機，皆入於機。〈至樂〉  The yang-xi uniting with a bamboo, which has long ceased to put forth sprouts, produces the

qing ning

; the

qing-ning

, the panther; the panther, the horse; and the horse, the man. Man then again enters into the great Machinery (of Evolution), from which all things come forth (at birth), and which they enter at death.

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

Transformation through death and life death life

chaos

other creatures Human beings The actual world after chaos has degenerated and articulated.

life National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato death

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

Transformation through death and life

chaos

death life

Human being cannot control transformation

Human beings The actual world after chaos has degenerated and articulated.

National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato life death



The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

生物死生之間的「物化」

Human being only live and die in this process

death

Human being cannot control transformation

life 死 death National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi

 知天樂者，其生也天行，其死也物化。  〈天道〉  Those who know the happiness by heaven, live according to the process of heaven, and die in that of transformation.

 聖人之生也天行，其死也物化。〈刻意〉  The life of sagely man live in natural process, and die in that of transformation .

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven Life in the process of heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven The life in the process of heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato Other creatures Human beings The death in the transformation

Heavenly process and transformation The sphere of heaven The life in the process of heaven National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato Let all the process be in natural process Other creatures Human beings Let all the process be in natural process The death in the transformation

Transformation and Interchangeability: “

Wuhua

物化 ”  Zhuangzi’s idea of “Wanwu qitong (All things and creatures exist in oneness)” suggests his two worldviews:  (1) All things and creatures are in their process of transformation.

 (2) All things can be interchangeable beyond between time and space; awaken and dreamed states; among different creatures; death and life….

The path for the mastery of the Way  Then, how can a person participate in this process and “transform” her/himself into the part of it?  Theoretically speaking, minute human being must not have such an ablity.

 However, the

Zhuangzi

’s answer is ambivalent between his intuitive advocacy for “non-action and a number of descriptive manual of “deliberate training.”

Xinzhai

心齋

(Fast of mind/heart)



回曰：「敢問心齋。」仲尼曰：「一若志，無聽之以耳而聽之以心，無聽之以心而聽之以氣。聽止於耳，心止於符。氣也者，虛而待物者也。唯道集虛。虛者，心齋也。」顏回曰：「回之未始得使，實自回也；得使之也，未始有回也。可謂虛乎？」夫子曰：「盡矣。」

The fasting of mind

 “I venture to ask what that fasting of the mind is?” said Hui, and Zhongni (i.e., Confucius) answered, “Maintain a perfect unity in every movement of your will, You will not wait for the hearing of your ears about it, but for the hearing of your mind. You will not wait even for the hearing of your mind, but for the hearing of the spirit. Let the hearing (of the ears) rest with the ears. Let the mind rest in the verification (of the rightness of what is in the will).”

The fasting of mind

 “But the spirit is free from all pre-occupation and so waits for (the appearance of) things. Where the (proper) course is, there is freedom from all pre occupation; such freedom is the fasting of the mind.” Hui said, “Before it was possible for me to employ (this method), there I was, the Hui that I am; now, that I can employ it, the Hui that I was has passed away. Can I be said to have obtained this freedom from pre-occupation?” The Master replied, “Entirely.”

Training for mastery

 When Confucius was on his way to Chu, as he issued from a forest, he saw a hunchback receiving cicadas (on the point of a rod), as if he were picking them up with his hand. “You are clever!” said he to the man. “Is there any method in it?” The hunchback replied, “There is. For five or six months, I practised with two pellets, till they never fell down, and then I only failed with a small fraction of the cicadas (which I tried to catch). Having succeeded in the same way with three (pellets), I missed only one cicada in ten. Having succeeded with five, I caught the cicadas as if I were gathering them.”

Training for mastery

“Is there any method in it?”

The hunchback replied, “There is. For five or six months,

I practised with

two pellets, till they never fell down, and then I only failed with a small fraction of the cicadas (which I tried to catch). Having succeeded in the same way with three (pellets), I missed only one cicada in ten. Having succeeded with five, I caught the cicadas as if I were gathering them”.

The state of mastery

 My body is to me no more than the stump of a broken trunk, and my shoulder no more than the branch of a rotten tree. Great as heaven and earth are, and multitudinous as things are, I take no notice of them, but only of the wings of my cicadas; neither turning nor inclining to one side. I would not for them all exchange the wings of my cicadas - how should I not succeed in taking them?” Confucius looked round, and said to his disciples, “ ‘Where the will is not diverted from its object, the spirit is concentrated’ - this might have been spoken of this hunchback gentleman.”

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The

Laozi

and The

Zhuangzi

Laozi Zhuangzi

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The Laozi and The Zhuangzi     (1) Both presents the Concept of

Dao

known, nor be spoken by any language : The origin of universe and the master of the world, which cannot be (2) Both presuppose that the world should be in the process of “change (

bianhua

變化 )” and all living creatures are transient in such process.

(3) The

Zhuangzi

contrast between infinite and omnipotent power of Heaven (

tian

天 attempts to demonstrate the sheer ) and minute and vain existence of human beings.

(4) The articulation of the concept of nothingness (

無 ) and non-action (

wuwei

無為 )

The main arguments in the Philosophy in the The Laozi and The Zhuangzi     (5) The Laozi admires maternal power as the source of procreation and the condition of the existence of things. (6) The Zhuangzi argues that everything including human beings constitute the inseparable oneness.

(7) The Zhuangzi cherishes life, yet does not cling to it.

(8) The Zhuangzi claims that in order to reach the aforementioned realm, a person should involve him/herself into body/mind training.

The condition for ruling the world in the philosophy of the Laozi    

The level of principle

The person who can reach the power of generating The person who can follow the rule of revolution of Heaven and providence of earth The person who can control the change of the world    

The level of adoption

The person who can nourish one own body and heart/mind The person who can stand at the position of humble part.

The person who can rule without verbal ordinance.

The condition for ruling the world in the philosophy of the Laozi    

The level of principle

The person who can reach the power of generating The person who can follow the rule of revolution of Heaven and providence of earth The person who can control the change of the world    

The level of adoption

part.

Does the philosophy of Zhuangzi not have any implication for becoming ruler in the sphere of human world ?

The condition for the ruling the world

Zhuangzi ’s philosophy and the movie of Hayao Miyazaki   1. A sheer contrast between extravagant power of natural world and triviality of Wiki Rror bdevices produced by human civilization or “science” 2. Interchangeablity/transformation of different objects and spheres (e.g. god/human ⇄ animal/evil spirit; beauty⇄ugry; good character ⇄ harmful)    3. nostagia for the past: original / naïve vs. degradation 4. virtue and wisdom in ugliness or in the stage of ending of life (e.g. old lady) 5. metaphor of “big tree”

Questions for further discussion

 1. Is the philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

skeptical against all issues or affirmative for something “absolute (e.g. creator)”?

 2. Does it present for method for longevity or preach our reconciliation with death?

 3. Does it request us to do nothing or to engage oneself with deliberate training for attaining the mastery of the Way?

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy Thank you very much ! Lecture Nine The Philosophy of Transformation and Oneness: The

Book of Zhuangzi

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2011/11/16 visited 司馬遷《史記 ‧ 老子韓非列傳》頁 6 古之人 … 而未始有是非也頁 11 南海之帝為儵 … 七日而渾沌死 National Taiwan University Masayuki Sato 莊子《莊子 ‧ 齊物論》 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/adjustment-of controversies , edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by

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「何謂天？何謂人？」 … 无以故滅命，無以得殉名。謹守而勿失，是謂反其真。」

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莊子《莊子 ‧ 秋水》「何謂道？ … 人道也。」莊子《莊子 ‧ 在宥》頁 23 This work comes from Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/floods-of-autumn , edited by Donald Sturgeon, English translated by

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Going out of the sphere of human 頁 40 Going out from the realm of humans to “loaming around” the realm of Heaven 是非之彰也 … 故昭氏之不鼓琴也。頁 43 Copyright Declaration

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不離於宗 … 民之理也。

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莊子《莊子 ‧ 天下》頁 46-48

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聖人之生也天行，其死也物化。

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莊子《莊子 ‧ 刻意》

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Can Xunzi’s Tenet on Human Nature Provide the Foundation

Transcript Can Xunzi’s Tenet on Human Nature Provide the Foundation

Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy

By Masayuki Sato Lecture Nine The Philosophy of Transformation and Oneness: The

Book of Zhuangzi

Contents of Today’s Lecture 1/2

Contents of Today’s Lecture 2/2

A few introductory remarks

On the text and its author

Sima Qian’s description on Zhuangzi’s life and book

About the text

Original nothingness

Original nothingness

Original Chaos or oneness

Original Chaos or oneness

Original Chaos or oneness

Original Chaos or oneness

Contrast between two worlds

Contrast between two worlds

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The distinction between Heanvely and Human Spheres

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

The Worldview of the

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Zhuangzi

Human beings vs. heaven

(河伯)曰：「何謂天？何謂人？」

北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天； 落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。故曰， 無以人滅天，無以故滅命，無以得 殉名。謹守而勿失，是謂反其真。 」( Qiushui 秋水)

Completeness of the Way

是非之彰也，道之所以虧也。道之 所以虧，愛之所以成。果且有成與 虧乎哉？果且無成與虧乎哉？有成 與虧，故昭氏之鼓琴也；無成與虧 ，故昭氏之不鼓琴也。

Completeness of the Way

Zhuangzi’

s view on human qualities

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human qualities

Levels of super human

Levels of human/sage

Level of ordinary man

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human beings

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human beings

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human beings

Zhuangzi ’s view on Human beings

Zhuangzi

Hierarchy of human socieoty

Zhuangzi

Hierarchy of human socieoty

Zhuangzi

Hierarchy of human socieoty

Zhuangzi

Hierarchy of human socieoty

Recovery of the Assimilation into Heaven

Return to chaos / oneness

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the

Zhuangzi

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

The Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

T he Idea of “Transformation” in the Philosophy of the Zhuangzi (1)

北海若曰：「牛馬四足，是謂天；落馬首，穿牛鼻，是謂人。故曰，無以人滅天，無以故滅命，無以得殉名。謹守而勿失，是謂反其真。」( Qiushui 秋水)

是非之彰也，道之所以虧也。道之所以虧，愛之所以成。果且有成與虧乎哉？果且無成與虧乎哉？有成與虧，故昭氏之鼓琴也；無成與虧，故昭氏之不鼓琴也。