Transcript Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe and

Chapter 15 The Beginnings of Our
Global Age: Europe and the Americas
Chapter 15 Sections
• 15.1- Conquest of the Americas
• 15.2- Spanish and Portuguese Colonies
• 15.3- Struggle for North America
• 15.4- Atlantic Slave Trade
• 15.5- Effects of Global Contact
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
First Encounters:
Columbus
– Discovers Tainos
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Taino Indians
Lived in Villages
Generous
Gave gifts to Spanish
Accidentally offended Columbus (Christian Symbols)
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
• Columbus claimed Taino land for Spain
• Would be followed by
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Conquistadores
“Conquerors”
From Spain
Arrived to Americas
Through Hispaniola
• Dominican Republic
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
• Conquistadores
• Moved throughout North America
• Seized native’s gold
• Made natives pan for gold as well
• Forced native’s to convert
– Christianity
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistadores
• Were outnumbered
– Hundred vs. Millions
Major Advantages:
• Weapons & Armor
– Cannons & Guns
• Horses
– Useful in battle, carries supplies
– Made natives fearful
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
The Conquistadores
• Greatest Advantage
• “Invisible Invader”- Disease
– Small pox
– Influenza
• Natives had no immunity
• Wiped out 90 percent of population in the 1500’s
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador- Hernan Cortez
Traveled to Mexico
Hoping to capture
Wanted to succeed where
others had failed
Came Prepared:
600 Men
16 horses
Few cannons
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador- Hernan Cortez
• Traveled toward the Aztec capital
– Tenochtitlan
• Meets Malinche- Indian Woman
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She tells him:
About Aztecs
Sacrifice
Tribal Captures
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador- Hernan Cortez
• After learning of Aztecs society
• Cortez makes alliances:
– conquered tribes, who were under Aztec rule
• These tribes agree to help Cortez
(The enemy of my enemy is my
friend)
– In his fight with Aztecs
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador- Hernan Cortez
• The Aztec leader Moctezuma:
– Receives word of Cortez arrival
– Fears he may be an Aztec God
• Quetzalcoatl
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Monteczuma
He sends gifts, gold & silver, to appease the Spanish (Gods)
Doesn’t help
Spanish push into Empire because of greed
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
• Cortez- enters the city:
– Greeted by Moctezuma
• Tries to make changes
– Religion
– Take land
• Fights Aztecs and Conquistadores
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– Aztec resisted
– Other Conquistadores battled for control
– Moctezuma is killed during the battle
Retreats
– To plan a second attack
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
• Cortez’s returns
– Aided in victory by
disease
• Small pox
- Conquers city
Spanish:
Later rebuilt over Tenochtitlan
Mexico city
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador Francisco Pizarro
Looked to conquer Inca
Peru
Capture Inca Ruler
Atahualapa
Demands Ransom
Paid- Kills him anyway
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Conquistador Francisco Pizarro
• Despite resistance was able to conquer Inca
– Superior weapons
– Disease
• Pizarro killed later
– Spanish remain
– Establish Lima (capital)
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Effects of The Conquistadores:
• Millions of Natives
are captured:
– Weapons
– Disease
• Natives used to:
– Mine for silver
and gold
– Leads to European
wealth and power
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Effects of The Conquistadores:
• Spanish
– Siege Native Goods, Land, Resources
– Mine Silver
– Leads to Power and dominance
–Worldwide
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Effects of The Conquistadores:
• Natives:
– Died
– Loss or Hope/ Belief
– Convert
– Some Revolt
*Cultures Blend*
15.1- Conquest in the Americas
Effects of The Conquistadores
• World Wide: World now connected by sea
– Trading Expands
• Carried:
– Goods
– People
– Ideas
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
• By the Mid 1500’s• Spain
• Controlled lands stretching from
– California
– South America
– Divded land into provinces (Four)
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Spain
• To help them govern colonies
• Spain develops a system of total control
• Each colony had a set of laws
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Laws set by Council of the Indies
Was governed by a “ viceroy ”
Answered to the King
Closely Monitored
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Spain
• Also pushed for Christianity
– As colonies grew so did the
Church (Power)
• Missionaries (i.e- Jesuits)
– Baptized Natives
– Built Churches
• Introducing language, clothing, skills (carpentry)
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Spain
• Controlled trade
– Colonist exports- Spain (Only)
• Silver and Gold main trade goods
– Colonies could only
• Import and Export with Spain
Sugar- Introduced… huge profit
Needed manual labor… need for labor grows
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Spain
• Forces Indians into labor
• Encomienda System
– “Forced Labor System”
• Work or be killed
– Encomienda- right to demand labor
– Thousands of Natives die (replaced)
– Mining silver& gold… plantation work
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
• Bartolome de Las Casas– Spanish Priest
– Spoke out against Encomienda
System
– Pleaded with King to stop it
• Successful
• New Laws of The Indies 1542*
• Helped to slow enslavement of Natives (illegal)
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
New Laws of The Indies 1542*
Helped to slow enslavement of Natives
Made enslaving illegal (hard to enforce)
Created peon system- workers become debtors
Given:
Tools, land, food
- Could never pay off
- Constant debt (like a serf)
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Las Casas:
• Suggested Africans: alternative labor to fill the void
– Immune to disease
– Later regretted his suggestion
• Combined with sugar production to create
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Boom in African Slave Trade (Millions)
Slaves outnumbered settlers
Some bought freedom
Some escaped (fled, revolt)
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
Colonial Society
• New Social Structure
– Blending of Cultures
– Distinct to the Americas
– Spanish, Native, African
Mixed: cooking style, animals, farming, religion (CD)
Distinct Social Classes:
Classes based on skin tone- light (top) to dark (bottom)
• Peninsulares- Born in Spain (Peninsula)
– Held high positions -First colonists
• Creoles- American Born descendants of settlers
– Owned land
• Mestizos- Native & European descent
– lower
• Mulatto- African & European
– lower
• Natives and Africans- formed bottom of society
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
• Portuguese Colonies
– (Brazil…DUH)
• Much like Spanish
– Minus the Gold and Silver
• Used natives as workforce
• Traded and harvested
Brazilwood*Where the name comes from*
15.2- Spanish & Portuguese
Colonies in the Americas
• Spain and Portugal are challenged
• Other European countries want a share
– Explore
– Pirates- Privateers
– Privateers- Operated with the approval of
government
– Smuggled trade good back to Europe
15.3- Struggle for North America
15.3- Struggle for North America
• France and England
• By 1700’s- Control much of the continent
• Establish Colonies
– Like NC (Duh)
15.3- Struggle for North America
• New France: (Canada)
• Early 1500’s
• French ships fished
– New Foundland, Canada
• Within 100 years
– owned half of North America
15.3- Struggle for North America
New France:
• French Claim Canada
• Calling it New France (Original)
• 1534
– Jacques Cartier
– Explored Coastline
– St. Lawrence River
15.3- Struggle for North America
New France:
• Explorers attempted to convert natives
– Little success
• Trading, Trapping, Fishing
– With help of natives
– Traveled inland
– From:
– Quebec- Great Lakes- Down the Mississippi River to:
– Louisiana to Gulf of Mexico
15.3- Struggle for North America
• New France:
• Population:
– Grew slowly- People stayed away due to
– Harsh Climate*
– Limited women
– Many people abandoned Farming
• Trapping and hunting instead (more profit)
• Louis XIV- tried to strengthen revenues
– Appointed officials, prohibited protestants
– Sent more women
– *French settlement- smaller than the 13 Colonies
15.3- Struggle for North America
The 13 English Colonies
• 1497- John Cabot
– Finds Newfoundland
– Europeans also search for passage to Asia
• Northwest Passage
• Establish Colonies– First- Jamestown, Virginia
15.3- Struggle for North America
• The 13 English Colonies
• Many died at first
• Jamestown-
– Starvation and disease
• Helped by Native Americans
– Understanding the land (crops)
• Advanced thanks to tobacco
– Tobacco production brought wealth
15.3- Struggle for North America
The 13 English Colonies
• 1620’s
• English settlers arrive in Massachusetts
– Plymouth
• Settlers were Pilgrims
– Escaping religious persecution
– Protestants- rejected English Church
– Mayflower- Ship
15.3- Struggle for North America
The 13 English Colonies
• Plymouth
• Settlers agree on and sign the Mayflower Compact
– Compact- agreement among people
– Step toward self government (US Constiution)
• Many settlers died
– Harsh life
– Natives helped them survive
– “Thanksgiving”
15.3- Struggle for North America
The 13 English Colonies
• Economy
• North
– Fishing, ship building, timber
• South
– Cash crops, plantation
– Imported slaves*Often outnumbered colonists
15.3- Struggle for North America
The 13 English Colonies
• Governing
• Governed from a distance (obviously)
– Governors appointed to keep control
• Enjoyed a degree of freedom
– Self- government
• Expected to have same rights as British citizens
– “freeborn Englishmen”
– Lead to protests
15.3- Struggle for North America
• The 13 English Colonies
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Massachusetts- religious haven
New HampshireNew York- commercial venture
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Pennsylvania- religious haven
New Jersey
Delaware
Maryland- religious haven
Virginia- commercial venture
North Carolina- gift from English King
South Carolina- gift from English King
Georgia – established as a buffer between New Spain &
English Colonies
15.3- Struggle for North America
• Struggle for Power
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Spain
France
England
Netherlands
• All had colonies in North America
– Competed for power and control
– Expand and protect their investments
15.3- Struggle for North America
North American Colonies
– French- Present day Canada
– Spanish- Texas & Florida
– English- 13 Colonies
– Dutch- Small colonies on East Coast
– In the Caribbean- Europeans fought and competed for
profitable areas (sugar)
15.3- Struggle for North America
• Struggle for Power
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French and Indian War
1754-1763
Britain vs. France
Struggle for power and land
Raged on Worldwide
– Seven Years War
15.3- Struggle for North America
• Struggle for Power
French and Indian War
• France had early victories
• Britain prevails in capturing Quebec
– Scale walls to attack the city
– Capital of New France
• Ended by the Treaty of Paris
15.3 Struggle for North America
• Struggle for Power
• Treaty of Paris
• Ensured British dominance in North America
• Britain gains:
• Canada (French Ceded)
• Lands east of Mississippi
• France regains:
– Caribbean Territories
– Outpost in Africa
– Lands in central North America
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Began around 1500
• Great demand for large numbers of people
to work as cheap labor
• Spanish are the first European partner
– Needed workers in S.American colonies
• As American colonies increased ao did the
Atlantic Slave Trade
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Triangular Trade
– Linked Europe, Africa, & the Americas
1. Manufactured goods from Europe are sent to the
west coast of Africa and traded for slaves
2. Slaves are taken to the Caribbean Islands (Middle
passage) and Southern British colonies where they
are sold at auction or traded for sugar and molasses
3. Merchants buy salt fish, coffee, rum, and tobacco
(commodities) to take and sell in Europe
3. North &
South
America –
Sugar,
molasses,
furs, salt
fish, & rum
1. Europe –
Manufacture
d Goods (
guns, cloth,
& cash)
2. Africa –
Slaves (Go
to the
Americas on
Middle
Passage)
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Reasons for exploration/ colonization
– 3 G’s of Exploration (Reniassance)
• God
• Glory
• Gold
– After Atlantic Slave Trade we have 5 G’s of Exploration
• God
• Glory
• Gold
• Guys
• Gals
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Why take part in the Atlantic Slave Trade?
– PROFIT $$$$$$$$$$
• Merchants grew wealthy
• Shipbuilding industry grows
• Colonial industries (fishing, tobacco, sugar)
become more successful
• Cities, especially port cities, involved thrive
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Horrors of the Middle Passage for slaves
– Getting to the ships
• Africans are bound by ropes and chains
–Forced to walk thousands of miles to
coastal holding pens (warehouses) in
Africa
• Resistance of trying to escape = Brutal
punishment
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Horrors of the Middle Passage
– “Floating Coffins”
• Voyage took 3 months
• Many perils – storms, pirates, mutinies, or revolts
• Cramped conditions
– Hundreds of Africans below deck in the bowls
– Disease (dysentery – constant vilolent diarrhea) spreads
• About ½ would die
• Some committed suicide (leapt overboard, starved,
hanged)
15.4- The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
– Enormous wealth to merchants and traders
– Colonial economy grew thanks to “cheap”
labor
– African societies torn apart
• 11 million African slaves in the Americas by mid1800s (2 million more died en route)