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Map showing the Claimants’ Boundaries
for the Taranaki Report to the Waitangi
Tribunal
From The Taranaki Report to the Waitangi Tribunal, 1996
Taranaki War 1860 – 2010. Our legacy - Our challenge
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To understand what’s happening today, you
really need to have a closer look at the past…
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Introduction
The Taranaki chapter of the New Zealand Wars began in the early
1820s with the migrations of the Te Ātiawa, Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti
Tama people south to Kāpiti and Wellington.
Test your knowledge so far:
1. When and why did Te Ātiawa people migrate from and then
back to the Taranaki region?
2. How (and why) did the wars in Taranaki start?
3. Describe at least one of the battles
4. What was the involvement of the Government during this
time?
5. Describe the role these people had in the Taranaki Wars:
a) Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitaake.
b) Governor Gore Browne.
c) Tītokowaru.
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1. Events during the 1863-66 battles
in Taranaki
In 1863, the Taranaki Wars were not over, but the Crown
determined that Māori had been in rebellion against the Queen
and needed to be punished – by having their land confiscated.
Many Acts were passed to this effect.
The New Zealand
Settlements Act,
1863
The Suppression
of Rebellion Act,
1863
In 1865 these two Acts were used to initially
confiscate 515, 974 hectares of Taranaki land.
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This map, produced by the
Waitangi Tribunal, shows the
land that was confiscated.
It was everything to the left of
the red line.
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However, Māori still lived on the
land, and they didn’t recognise this
new confiscation.
They would be given a
Crown grant to a piece of
land elsewhere.
Which Māori had remained
‘loyal’ to the Crown.
The Crown’s solution was
to create a court in 1866
which was supposed to
determine…
And which Māori had been
‘rebels’ to the Crown.
They would be placed on
special ‘reserve lands’.
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However, this new court
was really a shambles!
Court dates for sittings and
hearings were not often
published
Sometimes the evidence
presented was a bit
dodgy….just who was loyal and
who was a rebel?
It rarely followed any rules or
regulations
Lawyers often didn’t even
turn up
The Court House, New Plymouth, from The Cyclopedia of New Zealand [Taranaki, Hawke’s Bay &
Wellington Provincial Districts ], (1908)NZETC.
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 Apart from some “out of court settlements” in the end, the
court didn’t deliver any land to the iwi of Taranaki.
 No reserve lands were created. Māori effectively remained
landless in their own land.
“The local Māoris probably
believed these initial
boundaries to be final and
accepted peace on this
basis, reconciling
themselves to a loss of
acreage.”
Historian James
Belich
However, many Māori saw
more and more settlers come
and they saw this ‘creeping
confiscation’ as a renewed
aggression. Anger simmered
under the surface throughout
the late 1860s and 1870s.
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2. The Fox-Bell Commission of 1880
Between 1866 and 1880 the
Compensation Court had not
delivered any land to any local
Māori.
During this time, many
people had died and it was
difficult to determine who
had been loyal and who had
been a rebel.
The Fox-Bell Commission was set
up to investigate this, but…
The Fox-Bell Commission came up
with a solution which was to have
long lasting negative
consequences.
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 Due to the complexity of determining what land belonged
to whom, the Commission decided to ‘merge the titles’
of both the loyals and the rebels and create new reserve
land.
 The new reserve land they created was 81, 000 hectares
on the ring plain around the mountain.
However, the new Māori owners of this land were not
allowed on it. The Crown said that the land had to be leased
to Pākehā farmers who would pay a rent to the Māori.
Taranaki War 1860 – 2010. Our legacy - Our challenge
Rubbing salt into the wound
11
The Crown legislation
determined that the Pākehā
farmers did not have to pay
market rents, only 4-5% of the
land’s true value.
It actually got worse:
The Crown also decided that
the rents wouldn’t go to the
local iwi or hapū, but instead
to a newly created Native
Trustee in the Public Trust
Office.
By 1900, this Native Trustee had sold approximately half of all the compensation
land to leaseholders without consulting any of the Māori owners.
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Taihoa! Stop!
It’s time to digest
some of this
information.
Turn to your
worksheet and work
through the tasks next
to Taiaha #1.
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3. The devastation of Parihaka
The Taranaki Wars, and indeed the New Zealand Wars,
ended in 1881 with the sacking of Parihaka.
location of Parihaka
Part Two of Parihaka
Panorama
(November 1881), William Andrews
Collis, Albumen print (two part
panorama), Collection of Puke Ariki,
New Plymouth (A64.092)
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By 1881, Māori had been defeated, largely by the advantages the
European had, in terms of numbers of professional soldiers and
better war technology.
Their leaders were
either imprisoned or
had been killed
The people were
demoralised
The direct
consequences of
this loss:
They had become
landless in their
own land
They could see the
European systems of
trade, farming and
justice were taking
over from their
systems.
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4. The Taranaki Māori Trust Board
From 1881 up to 1931 there
was no effective leadership
amongst Taranaki Māori.
In 1926 the Sim Commission of
Enquiry was asked to report on
the land confiscations.
“Taranaki ought not to have been
punished by the confiscation of any of
their lands”
William Sim in his report.
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As a result of the Sim Report, the Government set aside
£5000 per year to be distributed to Taranaki tribes,
through the Taranaki Māori Trust Board.
But who was on this Board?
The Government initially appointed
members, even appointing some from
other parts of the country.
The Board was supposed to represent
the iwi of Taranaki, but it only had to
report back to the Government, not the
local iwi.
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By the late 1980s, there was
a widespread realisation
about the inappropriateness
and effectiveness of the
Board to represent the iwi of
Taranaki .
The iwi started to set up
their own leadership
committees. In some,
disputes arose about which
committee had the right to
lead the iwi.
At stake was a variety of
Government funds that were
meant to be distributed to
local Māori for a range of
social services.
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5. The Paraninihi ki Waitōtara Incorporation
(PKW)
What about the land?
In 1976 the Paraninihi ki Waitōtara Incorporation (PKW) was established
to simply collect the rental still set at peppercorn rates. This did not
change until 1997 when rentals were changed to be set by negotiation
but still based on the notion of unimproved land. However, the situation
is that PKW still doesn’t receive proper market rents today. As a result
PKW’s lands are still administered under a different set of laws to other
New Zealanders.
Taranaki War 1860 – 2010. Our legacy - Our challenge
Tension!
19
Should it sell
all the land
and buy better
performing
investments?
What do the
Pākehā
farmers think?
Do all the local
iwi agree?
As you can
imagine, there
are lots of
conflicting views
about what the
PKW should do.
As you can see, many of these conflicting
interests cause lots of debates – some of
which find themselves in the local media.
Should it just
be concerned
with making a
profit for its
individual
shareholders?
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Taihoa! Stop!
It’s time to digest some of this
information.
Hopefully by now you’re
beginning to see that behind a
sensational news headline
about a land claim, there is a
lot of history.
Turn to your worksheet and
work through the tasks next to
Taiaha #2.
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6. The loss of Mana
Historians agree that the impact
of the colonial experience for
Māori in Taranaki has been
severe, and that a post-war
syndrome has developed.
Image: Right Place Resources Ltd
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Generations of Māori
were brought up to
believe that there was
no future in being
Māori.
Many older Māori in
Taranaki tell of being
told not to speak
Māori, and to try and
become Pākehā.
Cultural and social impacts
of the confiscation are still
being felt today
There is a
distinctive lack
of te reo Māori
speakers in
Taranaki
Traditional knowledge
of land management
and genealogy are
critically short
Taranaki War 1860 – 2010. Our legacy - Our challenge
Regaining lost ground
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There is a growing realisation
amongst Māori in Taranaki that
they have been victims of a harsh
colonial experience.
It’s time to rebuild and think ahead for a stronger future for Māori in Taranaki
Image: Right Place Resources Ltd
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Listening post.
In 2000, MP Tariana Turia described
what had happened to Taranaki
Māori as a ‘holocaust’.
Listen to a Radio New Zealand
National interview with her and
other historians on this choice of
word to describe the situation.
Follow the tasks next to Taiaha #3
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7. Quotations for discussion
Sometimes it seems that everyone has an opinion! Now that you know a
little more about what happened in Taranaki, study these quotations on the
next few slides as a class and discuss why these people have these
opinions.
“
A perpetual lease is as much private property as freehold.
It is a lawful and exclusive right to use the land, just like a
freehold right, for which title of ownership is issued…In
Taranaki the government is attempting to resolve a Māori
grievance by giving a Māori group the private property of
other New Zealanders
”
Graham Robertson, past Federated Farmers’ president.
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“
When I look at the map of Taranaki
and trace the confiscation line, it is
an arrow piercing the heart of my
people
”
Peter Moeahu, 1990
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“
The wars, in our view, were not of Māori
making. The Governor was the aggressor,
not Māori, and in Treaty terms it was the
Governor who was in breach of the
undertakings made in the name of the
Queen
”
The Taranaki Report to the Waitangi Tribunal,
Overview, p7, 1996
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This is the end of the presentation about the
legacy of the Taranaki Wars.
How much have you learnt?
Complete the tasks as
directed by your teacher as
part of Taiaha #4
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References
29
1. James Belich, The New Zealand Wars
2. Stolen Dreams, North and South magazine, Sept 1996
3. The Taranaki Report – Kuapapa Tuatahi, 1996. The
Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi, accessed from
www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz
4. Chapter12: Te Muru me te Raupatu: the Aftermath, in
Ancestral Landscapes of Taranaki in Taranaki Whenua:
Life Blood Legacy by Peter Adds, New Plymouth, Puke
Ariki Museum, 2008.
5. Taranaki War 1860-2010: Te Ahi Kā Roa, Te Ahi Kātoro,
exhibition notes, Puke Ariki Museum, New Plymouth.