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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES ACROSS SITES INVOLVED IN THE SANREM PROJECT IN THE ALTIPLANO
C. Turin1,2, J. Thomas1 y J. Gilles1
1College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
Instituto de La Pequeña Producción, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
Figure 1. Transect of the study sites according to altitude.
Objectives
1. Identify common points and differences among
the strategies, capitals, and practices found in
the different sites involved in the project.
2. Compare livelihood strategies across the eleven
communities in Bolivia and Peru.
Materials and Methods
• The first stage of the project involved the
exchange of information and data collection
through questionnaires, workshops, and
interviews. The second stage is the analysis of
information. The third stage is the devolution and
incorporation of information into the livelihood
practices of local actors
• During the first stage of the project, 2006 – 2007,
databases were compiled with information
collected using two questionnaires.
• As part of the initial data collection process, a
questionnaire was administered in a total of 330
households from nine communities in Bolivia.
The communities taking part in this project are
located in two municipalities, or districts. The
district of Ancoraimes comprises Chojñapata,
Calanhauancani, Cohani, Karcapata, and
Chinchaya, while San José Llanga, San Juan
Observations
• In Figure 3, we observe the importance of the sale of
animals as a source of income in the communities.
The sale of agricultural products and the sale of
animal products are more varied in importance, with
Cohani and Apopata being cases of special
importance in the sale of animal products and
agricultural products respectively.
• Figure 4 shows other sources of income that are
important to households in these communities,
especially work outside the community and
remittances. The sale of handicrafts is also a source
of income for households in some communities.
• In Figure 5, we can see that family members are
involved as labor in the activities in most of the
households of all the communities. The quantity of
hired labor and labor shared with neighbors is more
varied when compared across communities.
• Figure 6 shows the proportional use of different
periods of time for fallow in household land
Sale of Agriculural Products
Sale of Animals
Labor
Sale of Animal Products
Labor Family
120.0
Labor Hired
Labor Shared with Neighbors
120.0
100.0
percentage of households
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
Community
Community
Figure 4. Other Sources of Income. Percentage of
families reporting the three primary sources of
income for non-agricultural activities.
Figure 6. Land in Fallow. Number of families that
report having fallow land for various periods of
time.
Land in Fallow
Other Sources of Income
Work outside the community
Handicrafts
Remittances
70.0
No fallow period
Less than one year
Between 1 and 2 years
Between 2 and 4 years
Between 4 and 6 years
More than six years
60
60.0
50
50.0
Number of households
Figure 2. Location of SANREM study sites in the
Altiplano of Perú and Bolivia.
Income from Agricultural Activities
percentage of households
The Altiplano region, as classified by its geographic
characteristics of a plateau within mountains at an
elevated altitude it the scene of the SANREM Project
“Adaptation to Climate Change and Markets of
Vulnerable Agricultural Ecosystems of the
Altiplano.” The importance of the Altiplano is found
in a culture at the center of the domestication and
transformation of important resources in agriculture
such as the potato, quinoa, and South American
camelids, as well as a place of development in
technology for adaptation to climate change.
The goals of this project are to promote a shared
understanding of the ecosystem, the development of
livelihood strategies, and the management of natural
resources based on the perceptions of change and
risk. This shared understanding is being developed
through the study of local knowledge and practices,
and comparing learning across global knowledge to
increase resilience in systems of income generation
and food security of local actors.
The focus on activities allows for an evaluation of
diverse livelihoods strategies of rural families with
respect to the social, economic, political, and
environmental conditions. In adverse ecosystems
like the Altiplano, adaptation and diversification of
strategies has become a key factor for survival.
The following presentation identifies the current
livelihood strategies of eleven Aymara communities
in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru. The objective is
to understand how these strategies have developed
and adapted according to the conditions present.
This analytical exploration was conducted through
analysis of data sets compiled from surveys
conducted in both countries.
management. The proportions of households using
various periods of time for fallow vary considerably
throughout the communities. In part, we see that a
large portion of families rest their land for less than
one year. In San José Llanga and Santa María,
families most frequently report fallow periods of two
to four years. The graph also shows a greater
variance in practice within particular communities,
i.e., Vinto Coopani and Kellhuiri.
• In Table 1, we see different levels of access to natural
capital as we look at the size of land holdings of
households. There are communities that report
average land holdings of less than one hectare while
others have an average greater than ten hectares.
• Generally, cattle are an important asset for all of the
communities. However, the cases of San José Llanga
and San Juan Circa present the highest numbers of
cattle per family, 5.9 and 6.8 respectively.
• Generally, sheep are an important asset for all of the
communities. However, the cases of Chojñapata,
Kellhuiri, and Apopata present the highest numbers
of sheep per family, 38, 41, and 35.9 respectively.
• In Table 1, the raising of South Americna camelids
appears to be of relative important in certain
communities, especially Chojñapata and Apopata,
the two communities that present the highest
average number of animals per family, 27.9 and 69.1
respectively.
• Generally, both the head of the household and
spouse have access to primary education. However,
the head of the household has greater access to
secondary education in all of the communities.
Further, the level of Spanish language ability
reported for the head of the household is higher than
that of the spouse.
• The households in all eleven communities consult
neighbors and family members within the same
community to acquire information about markets.
Figure 5. Labor. Percentage of families that report
using three types of labor.
Figure 3. Income from Agricultural Activities.
Percentage of families reporting the three primary
sources of income for agricultural activities.
percentage of households
Introduction
Circa, Vinto Coopani, and Kellhuiri are situated in the
district of Umala. Both districts belong to the
department of La Paz.
•The objective of the questionnaire administered in
Bolivia was to collect information about the activities
that are part of agricultural and livestock production.
The questionnaire consisted of seven sections
focusing on different topics: demographic
information; agricultural production; livestock
production; product commercialization; biodiversity;
food consumption; and, perception of risk.
•The focus of the questionnaire in Perú was on
understanding how decisions are made as part of a
livelihood strategy, particularly as they are based in
relationships between local knowledge and practice.
•In Perú, the questionnaire also consisted of seven
sections: demographic information; animals;
grasslands and pastures; climate; markets;
organizations; and, food security. The questionnaire
was administered in 119 households of rural families.
These households are located in two communities,
each in a different district. Santa María is part of the
district of Ilave, and Apopata is in the district of
Mazocruz in the department of Puno.
•The use of different questionnaires across sites
produced data sets with distinct variables. The
challenge in this work was to combine information
across sites to produce a new data set containing
new variables to be used in quantitative analysis.
•The result is a data set that includes 40 variables,
which become the focus of the following analysis
and description livelihoods. The tables, charts, and
graphs in this poster present some preliminary
findings.
40.0
30.0
20.0
40
30
20
10.0
10
0.0
0
Conclusions & Recommendations
Community
Community
Table 1. Summary of Natural, Human, and Social Capital in Communities.
Land
Animals (average #)
Altitude
Comunidad
msnm Hectares Cattle
Chinchaya
3800
1.7
3.6
Karcapata
3850
0.7
1.8
Chojñapata
4200
0.6
3.3
San Jose Llanga
3770
6.7
5.9
San Juan Circa
3805
10.6
6.8
Vinto Coopani
4012
4.8
3.3
Kellhuiri
4070
5.6
3.7
Calahuancani
3890
0.5
2.0
Cohani
3860
0.2
1.2
Santa Maria
3845
9.4
2.8
Apopata
4450
26.8
1.2
Sheep
13.1
15.6
38.0
21.1
21.2
26.0
41.0
18.5
9.4
7.4
35.9
Primary Education Secondary Education Spanish language
Head of
Camelids House
0.0
50.9%
0.3
53.3
27.9
73.1
0.0
52.1
0.0
67.7
0.0
89.7
2.9
52.0
5.5
60.9
0.9
85.2
2.7
40.8
69.1
40.0
Spouse
68.6%
69.2
61.9
67.1
82.6
77.3
58.8
36.8
56.5
46.9
40.0
Head of
House
28.1%
20.0
11.5
38.5
16.1
3.4
24.0
13.0
3.7
30.6
27.1
Spouse
5.9%
0.0
0.0
19.7
8.7
4.5
17.6
15.8
4.3
24.5
5.7
Head of
House
80.7%
46.7
44.4
93.8
90.3
86.2
76.0
65.2
66.7
93.9
82.9
Spouse
33.3%
33.3
44.4
67.7
74.2
62.1
56.0
43.5
40.7
55.1
70.0
Access to climate information
Access to market information
Family/N
Radio Almanac Technician eighbor Broker Technician
35.1%
3.5%
0.0%
82.5
82.5
1.8
26.7
0.0
0.0
73.3
80.0
0.0
7.4
7.4
0.0
70.4
59.3
0.0
7.3
3.1
0.0
7.3
92.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.1
93.5
0.0
6.9
0.0
0.0
6.9
65.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
84.0
0.0
34.8
0.0
4.3
56.5
100.0
0.0
14.8
3.7
0.0
55.6
85.2
0.0
51.0
67.3
16.3
71.4
0.0
4.1
61.4
70.0
14.3
87.1
2.9
1.4
Radio
8.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.2
1.4
Other
19.3
0.0
0.0
30.2
6.5
31.0
12.0
0.0
0.0
10.2
7.1
In conclusion, we recognize the importance of land,
labor, and animals to varying degrees across the
communities involved with this SANREM project.
Among the preliminary findings we are able to identify
a diversity of activities involved in the development of
livelihood strategies in the Altiplano.
Further analysis will benefit from more detailed
information about the quality of land and animals in
each location, as well as information about decisions
that affect the use of land, particularly with regard to
the use of the fallow period, and the use of family,
shared, and hired labor. By addressing these and other
areas in a comprehensive manner, future analysis can
assess the adaptation of livelihoods and diversification
as a strategy within each community and the Altiplano.