Transcript Educational Module Proposal Template

Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles
Robert Thomas
Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School
IIT Research Mentor: Donald Chmielewski
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No.
EEC-0502174. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this
material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science
Foundation.
Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery
Powered Vehicles
Overview
• High School Chemistry/Physics/Physical Science
• Objectives
– Differentiate between hybrid electric and hybrid fuel
cell
– Learn dynamics of automotive vehicle
– Use Problem Based Learning trade-off analysis of:
• Vehicle forces
• Energy storage device weight, cost, energy output
• Hydrogen fuel cell/energy storage materials and utilization
– design a consumer accepted hybrid fuel cell vehicle to
meet all government regulations
Timeframes based on
scenario
• Choice A: Physics only
– 2 days research on problem, 1 day presentations
• Choice B: Chemistry only
– 2 days research on problem, 1 day presentations
• Choice C: Physics/Chemistry
– 2 days each research on problem
– 1 day coordination between physics and chemistry groups
– 1 day presentations
• Choice D: Physical Science
– 2 days research on simplified physics or chemistry problem
– 1 day presentations
Late High School Illinois
Learning Standards
• 11.A.5a Formulate hypotheses referencing prior
research and knowledge
• 11.A.5d Apply statistical methods to make
predictions and to test the accuracy of results.
• 11.B.5a Identify a design problem that has
practical applications and propose solutions.
• 12.D.5a Analyze factors that influence the
relative motion of an object
• 12.C.5b Analyze the properties of materials
Why solve this problem?
• Minimal pollution
– Minimize hazardous by-products
– Provide efficient refueling options
• Low health risk
– Minimize exposure to hazardous by-products
– Minimize toxicity of by-products
• Reduce use of fossil fuels
– Renewable fuels
– Higher efficiency
Engineering and ethics
• ASME Fundamental Canon on safety
– Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public …
• Asphalt Emulsion Manufacturers Association COE
– Be active in the advancement of the technology …. so
as to improve the environment through reduced
hydrocarbon emissions pollution, and to aid in the
conservation of fuel resources.
• Canon of Ethics for cost engineers
– Will be honest and impartial, and will serve employer,
clients, and the public with devotion
Ethics and you
• Statement on Integrity in Science
1) No plagiarism or unauthorized use of original
material
2) fabrication of data or selective reporting of
results
3) submission of the same paper or trivial
variations thereof
• This applies to research we are doing as well as
school work you are doing this fall!
Historical Perspective
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1970’s lunar rover
1980’s GM created the EV1
Early 1990’s Dodge and Ford prototypes
Late 1990’s Toyota and Honda Hybrids
2000’s hybrid fuel cell/battery prototypes
Fuel cell overview
Background material
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Aerodynamic drag opposing vehicle movement
Rolling resistance moment of inertia
Gravity = 9.8 m/s
Normal force
Motor Torque
Acceleration = Σ Forces / Mass
Driving scenarios using city/urban driving
Physics Example – increase
vehicle performance
• Reduce vehicle resistance by minimizing:
– Frontal area = width x height
– Aerodynamic Drag by vehicle body design
– Rolling resistance by wheel selection
• Minimize weight of :
– Energy storage based on Lead acid, Nickel Metal
Hydride, Li ion batteries, capacitor
– Fuel cell based on energy needed
• Properly matched transmission
– Matching motor torque to wheel radius
Chemistry Example Choosing a hydrogen fuel
cell
• Fuel cell Energy output versus
– Number of cells and weight of each cell
– Hydrogen / air flow
– Fuel cell temperature
• Energy storage output versus weight
– Lead acid, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion batteries,
capacitor
– Differences between energy and power
Design Project
• Using data on tradeoffs, design an affordable
car you want to drive to be:
– Commercially viable
– Consumer accepted
– Virtually pollution and health hazard free
• Using the pieces provided, propose solution for:
– Mechanically efficient vehicle
– Environmentally friendly power plant
– Performance for all driving conditions
Day 1 Physics activity aerodynamic drag and
rolling resistance
Rolling resistance opposes vehicle movement
• Raise one end of cardboard platform ¼ inch
• 1 by 1, put 6 matchbox cars at top of ramp
• Put aside any cars that do not roll down ramp
Drag altered by vehicle shape & front vehicle area
• make wind tunnel with fan, cardboard boxes, duct tape
• Working in groups of 3/4, try remaining matchbox cars in
wind tunnel and determine least aerodynamic drag by
measuring least movement
• Compare to known drag coefficients
Day 2 Physics activity
• Investigate background references on internet
– Impact of design and weight on performance
– Impact of drag and resistance on acceleration
• Tradeoffs to be considered:
– Aerodynamic drag from Day 1
– Motor power versus weight
– Wheel radius
• Have groups of 3 / 4 students research hybrid
vehicles and design vehicle to meet project
requirements, using tradeoff data
Day 1 Chemistry activity
• Introduce concept of battery ratings
– Amp hours
– Current rating
– Cost / kWh and cost / kg
• Working in groups of 3 or 4, students will use
battery tester in series with ammeter while
measuring battery voltage to determine battery
ratings for different composition batteries
• Choose battery based on energy, weight and
cost
• Compare to known battery ratings
Day 2 Chemistry activity
• Investigate background references on internet
– Impact of design and weight on performance
– Impact of fuel cell output on acceleration
• Tradeoffs to be considered:
– Energy storage versus weight
– Fuel cell output versus weight
• Have 3 or 4 students in group design fuel cell /
battery combination to meet design project
requirements, using research and tradeoff data
provided: PEM
Matlab data
Day 3 Combined activity
• Combine one Physics/Chemistry small group
and put together ideas:
– Can fuel cell / energy storage combination meet
requirements?
• Will total mass alter performance?
• Will cost exceed target price?
• Is mileage acceptable?
– Do you still want to drive this car?
• Have students groups present design to include:
– fuel cell / energy storage combination
– mechanical design
– How project requirements were met
Materials
• Access to computer laboratory for research
• Windtunnel testing
– box fan, cardboard boxes, duct tape, matchbox cars, scale,
meter stick
• Battery testing
– Kits available for $9 to test batteries, or you can use a 330 ohm
resistor; also need voltmeter, ammeter, wire jumpers
• The project CD contains:
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Student activities
Assessments
Teacher notes with solutions
Presentations
Pre-test on understanding
and misconceptions
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Commercially available hybrid technology
Where can hydrogen be derived from
Batteries currently used in hybrids
How are batteries recharged
Moving vehicle Force diagram
Forms of energy and how to store
Hybrid vehicle performance
Assessment
• Lab assessment
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all materials listed
Assumptions stated
Detailed procedure
Experiment design
Expected outcome and results present
• Project assessment
– All tradeoffs considered
– Vehicle meets 0-60 mph criteria
Post-test students on
concepts learned
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Minimizing aerodynamic drag
Effects of Road resistance
Battery characteristics
How Hydrogen fuel cells work
Use of a wind tunnel
Acceleration tradeoff analysis
Electrical output
Vectors on motor powered vehicle
References
• Larmine, L., Dicks, A. (2003), Fuel Cell Systems
Explained Second Edition, England: John Wiley
and Sons.
• Ehsani, M. et al. (2005), Modern Electric, Hybrid
Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, New York: CRC
Press.
• Akella, S., et al, (2001), Model-Based Systems
Analysis of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicle
Configuration, Proceedings of the American
Control Conference, 25 June 2001, 1777-1782.