Transcript Direct Payments and other arrangements

Direct Payments & other
mechanisms for ecosystem
Conservation
The Tanzania Land Conservation
Trust in the Maasai Steppe
The Wildlife Conservation lease
program in Kitengela
Masai Steppe
Tarangire-Manyara system
• AWF’s Heartland approach -- focuses on large
landscapes of significant wildlife value across
Africa.
• Tarangire Manyara one such HL
• Comprises
– Tarangire Nat. Park – 2,600 sq. km
– L. Manyara Nat. park – 330sq. km
– Dispersal areas --- Simanjiro, and corridors that link
these 2 protected areas
– Conservation targets for the landscape
The Tanzania Land Conservation Trust
• Registered in July 2000, aims to provide an
alternative mechanism for conserving critical
conservation land in Tanzania.
• to benefit conservation and local communities
who live with wildlife adjacent to its lands.
– Has a board of 8 Trustees
– Its Trust deed provides for steering committee in each
land that is acquired by the Trust
– Has acquired the first piece of land the Manyara
Ranch
The Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem
Why Manyara?
• Is an important land unit between L.
Manyara and Tarangire National Parks.
• Provides corridor space for elephant,
wildebeest and zebra, is home to
populations of eland, oryx, greater and
lesser Kudu, warthog, leopard, impala,
giraffe and is rich in bird life.
Acquisition of Manyara
• Government of Tanzania wanted to privatise all
livestock ranches owned by the Narco including
Manyara
• Group formed to Lobby against privatisation.
• TLCT proposed as an alternative mechanism
combining community access to particular
resources as well as a revenue share from
ranching and other conservation activities.
• Ranch turned over to the Tanzania Land
Conservation Trust (TLCT) through Presidential
order
Activities proposed in the Manyara Ranch
• AWF working with the land Trust to :
– Develop tourism in the ranch to generate income
– Define areas of access by local communities – e.g.
grass banks proposed for dry season use under
conditions to be determined, and water.
– Development of a livestock improvement program for
neighbouring pastoral communities
Challenges of the TLCT
• New institution
– No funding of its own. Secretariat and project
implementation current supported by AWF
– Capacity of the board still weak
• Sustainability issues
– Will it continue to espouse conservation &
communities benefits as its key focus
– Model untested in TZ
The case for Kitengela
• The Kitengela is a part of the Athi-Kapiti
ecosystem which comprises Nairobi National
Park, the Kitengela and individually owned
lands.
• The ecosystem is approx. 2,500 sq. km.
• The Nairobi park is only 114 sq. km
• Kitengela is located south of the park and Nairobi
City and serves as migratory corridor and
dispersal area for wildlife.
Wildlife/Livestock Movement within the Athi-Kapiti
Dry Season
Wet season
Cattle
Wildebeest
$ NG O NG
$ NG O NG
ON G ATA R O NG A I
ONG AT A RO NG AI
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ON G ATA R O NG A I
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KIS ERIA N
KIS E RIA N
KIS E RIA N
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ATHI-RIV ER
ATH I-RIV E R
ATH I-RIV E R
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ISI NY A
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ISINYA
ISI NY A
$ KO NZA
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$ KA J IA DO
$ KAJIADO
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Wet season
Dry Season
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$ KO NZA
Legend
Zebra
ON G ATA R O NG A I
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ONG AT A RO NG AI
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Numbers
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7 - 27
ATHI-RIV ER
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61 - 96
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Legend1
ISINYA
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Riv e r
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Railw ay Line
Fenc ed P ark B nd
Roa ds
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Towns
Land-Use Changes within Athi-Kapiti
1984
1990
Nairobi NP
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Nairobi NP
ONGATA R ONGAI
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Machakos Ranches
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Quarry
Farms
Urban
Threats to the system
• Growing human population numbers and
settlement
• Crop farming
• Fencing and quarrying along the areas previously
used for dispersal and as migration corridors
• Changing land use – especially rapid since the
early 90’s when the EPZ was developed in the
Kitengela
Impacts on the wildlife system
• Blockage and or disruption of important
migration routes
• Habitat fragmentation and declining access to
critical resources for WL in the ecosystem
• Declining numbers of wildlife,
• Increasing conflicts arising from these and other
changes in the ecosystem
The Kitengela Lease Program
• Aims to provide a financial incentive to
encourage land owners south of the park to allow
wildlife unrestricted access to their land.
• Started in April 2000, initially with 214 acres, in
2001 grew to 2,708 and in April 2002 was at
7,000 acres. 14,000 acres are wait listed
• Landowners are paid US$ 4 per acre per year – a
figure close to the income individuals make from
rearing livestock
• Payments made in 3 installments during the year
Zebra and Wildebeest Distribution, Fenced and
Leased Lands in the Athi-Kapiti Plains
$ NGONG
Nairobi NP
ONGATA RONGAI
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KISERIAN
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ATHI-RIVER
Legend2
Kitengela
Numbers
1-6
7 - 27
Legend1
28 - 60
Machakos Ranches
61 - 96
Rive r
97 - 168
Railw ay Line
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Lea se d-land
ISINYA
Fenced P ark B nd
Fenced -la nd
Roa ds
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Kapiti Plains
Towns
$ KONZA
$ KAJIADO
Challenges to the program
• Rampant land sales
• Value of lease in comparison to land sales.
• Lack of other programs to supplement lease
incomes
• Absence of a strong institutional mechanism to:
– Hold leases on a long term basis, enforce the terms of
the lease as program grows
• Insufficient funds to endow the program
• Work on TLCT by AWF’s Tanzania
Program
• The Kitengela work by Helen Gichohi with
support from Wildlife Conservation
Society & David Nkedianye of Friends of
Nairobi National Park.