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Companion PowerPoint Presentation for the

Introduction to Housing

textbook

Housing and Community

Neighborhood  Neighborhood—geographic location People living in a specific area who share common ties & interact in some way

Statistical neighborhoods

(census tracts or zip codes)

Functional neighborhoods

(residents’ perceptions)

Community  Community—social interaction Network of social interaction & bonding, usually based on mutual interest

Physical community development

—physical planning & development

Social community development

—enhancing residents’ capacities, skills & resources

Theory  Ecological approach  Interrelationships of people with their environment  Social systems  Planning approach  Physical development, infrastructure, & land use  Services

Theory of Human Ecology

 Robert Park    City of Chicago Early 1900s Ideas taken from plant ecology   Living together to the mutual benefit of each Invasion, dominance & succession

Ernest Burgess: Invasion, dominance & succession in the city

Zone I – central business district Zone II – oldest section of city Zone III – modest homes & apartments Zone IV – more expensive single family homes & apartments Zone V – suburbs & satellite cities

Other theories

 Social contagion  Collective socialization  Neighborhood resource  Relative deprivation

Process of Physical Community Development  Planning commission Local residents Recommend planning decisions  Comprehensive plan Statement of community development policies & their implementation 5-20 years Growth in population, industry & commerce Land use

Community Tools  Zoning ordinances Follow the comprehensive plan Character of a neighborhood & property values Guide for future development     Land use Population density Site requirements Structural dimensions

Zoning Ordinances  A map showing boundaries of labeled zones  Section of specific definitions of zones  Articles describing (for each zone):    Permitted, Conditional, or Special permit uses

Zoning Ordinances  Types of zones:     Residential:  Single family   Multi-family Transitional Commercial Industrial Agricultural

Zoning Ordinances  Type of development  Placement of buildings  Type & number of units  Building height, setback, & easements  Lot density

Zoning Ordinances: Appeals  Avoid hardships  Not self-created  Not alter the character of the neighborhood  Single case  Intent versus strict letter of the law

Zoning Ordinances: Appeals

Use variance

 use of the property other than permitted 

Area variance

 Use, construction or alteration of a building Board of Zoning Appeals

Subdivision Regulations  Development of land – new building      Streets Streetscapes Utilities Lot sizes Open space

Covenants      Subdivision developer, neighborhood association, historic preservation association Typically restricts use of property in order to maintain use and/or character Attaches to the deed or association by-laws Enforced by action of affected property owners Conveys with the sale of the property

Critics and Compromises  Planned Unit Developments (PUD) Special type of ordinance to develop new land Typically allows more flexibility than standard zoning & subdivision regulations

Planned Unit Developments  Typical:        Large scale development Clustered housing units Common areas Mixed housing types Topographically suitable Efficient use of the land Integrated commercial/retail

Eminent Domain  Right of a community to take private property for public use  Property owner must be compensated  Property owner has right to sue if do not believe fairly compensated.

Neighborhood Satisfaction  Influenced by:  Personal factors  Physical factors  Social factors  Neighborhood segregation  Safety factors

Neighborhoods Influence Households  Quality of local services  Socialization by adults  Peer influences  Social networks  Exposure to crime & violence  Physical distance & isolation

So what do people want in their neighborhood?

 An improvement over their last neighborhood   An adequate level of stimulation A place to feel at “home”  Housing satisfaction  Neighborhood services  Good neighbors  Safety

Evolution  Gentrification—new money invested in central city results in middle & upper class moving back into the city  Gated communities—small neighborhoods enclosed with a fence & restrictive entrance  Conservation communities—incorporate sustainable housing & neighborhood design

 New urbanism—neighborhoods that have a well-defined edge & a focused center  Traditional neighborhood development— using grid pattern, parks, squares, roundabouts & alleyways to promote a more traditional neighborhood of the past