Transcript The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
18th Century Population Growth
 1701-1751: 14%
 1751-1801: 50%
 1801-1851: 100%
Reasons for Growth?
 Younger age of marriage
 Decreased death rate
 End of “gin mania”?
 Better food?
 Use of soap?
 Improved medicine?
William Hogarth,
“Gin Lane,” 1750
Gin, cursed Fiend with Fury fraught,
Makes human Race a prey;
It enters by a deadly Draught,
And steals our Life away.
Virtue and Truth, driv’n to Despair,
It’s Rage compells to fly,
But cherishes, with hellish Care,
Theft, murder, perjury.
Damn’d Cup! That on the vitals preys,
That liquid fire contains
Which Madness to the Heart conveys
And rolls it thro’ the veins.
William Hogarth
1751
Beer, happy produce of our Isle
Can sinewy Strength impart,
And wearied with fatigue and Toil
Can cheer each manly Heart.
Labour and Art upheld by Thee
Successfully advance,
We quaff Thy balmy Juice with Glee
And water leave to France.
Genius of Health, thy Grateful Taste
Rivals the Cup of Jove,
And warms each English generous
Breast
With Liberty and Love.
William Hogarth
1751
Reality of Growth
 Introduction of better food, particularly the potato:
Adam Smith characterized it as “being peculiarly suitable to the health of the
human constitution”
Stimulates population growth most significantly in Ireland, but Scotland and
England as well
 Widespread inoculation against smallpox
 Absence of widespread epidemics
Birth of Industry
 Necessary Components:
 A supply of natural
resources: coal and iron
 A system of agriculture
flexible enough to feed
growing numbers of
workers: Enclosures
between 1750 and 1780
A Berkshire Enclosure Map
Birth of Industry
 A large and accessible market: overseas trade to the colonies
 Capital for new industries, roads, and waterways: Joint-Stock
Companies
 A flexible social structure
 Demand for mass consumer goods
 An environment favorable to innovation and technology
The Process
 Cottage Industry
Centralization of Labor: The Factory
New Technology
 Cotton and Textiles
 New raw materials from
colonial spaces
 Cotton versus wool
 John Kay improves looms
in 1733 with the flying
shuttle
 James Hargreaves 1764
Spinning Jenny
 Arkwright creates the 1771
Water Frame
Energy Demands
 Steam power and mining
Social Consequences
 Rapid growth of Manchester, Liverpool, and
Birmingham, lack of sufficient infrastructure
 Creation of the institutional work day
 Mill whistle and the factory clock
 Replacement of the artisan with the unskilled worker
 Division of Labor, rise of class consciousness
 Child Labor
 In 1835 40% of mill workers were under the age of 18
New Social Figures: The Bourgeoisie
 Industrialization created not only factory owners and
management, but also created increased need for
lawyers, bankers, accountants, and merchants
 These individuals began to intermarry with the
struggling landed gentry, accumulating capital and
credibility
 As a dominant source of progress, this class demands
more political power in Britain
New Ideologies
 Liberalism
 Liberty and equality
 Bentham and utilitarianism
 Socialism
 Economic planning, greater economic
equality, state regulation of property
 Utopianism: burden falls on middle class to
help the poor
 Marxism: middle class and working class
interests opposed to each other
 Nationalism
 Each people had its own genius and its own
cultural unity
 Turn cultural unity into political reality
The Romantic Movement
 Individualistic
 the full development of one’s unique potential the supreme
goal of life
 Reject materialism
 Seek spirituality through art
 See history as the art of change over time
 Nature is awesome and inspirational: “Nature is Spirit
Visible”—John Constable
 Human beings should accept the natural laws in place
 Flee from industry’s attack on nature
 Caspar David
Friedrich,
Wanderer Looking
over a Sea of Fog
(1815)
John Constable, Salisbury Cathedral from Bishop’s
Grounds (1823)
William Wordsworth, “Daffodils”
I wandered lonely as a Cloud
That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced, but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay
In such a jocund company:
I gazed-and gazed-but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the Daffodils.
-1815
Industrial Impact
Politics and Reform
Outline
 New Popular Platforms
 Push for political reform from the
bottom up
 Franchise Reform
 Fear of Revolution in England
 Efforts at Reform in the 1820s
 Reaction to Peterloo
 Introduction of Liberal Reform
 1832 Reform Bill
 Post-Reform Bill Politics
 Paternalism
 Anti-Slavery
 Working-Class Reforms
Work-hour reforms
 Safety reforms
 Child labor reforms
 Industrial Reform
 Poor Law (Welfare) Reform

The New Popular Platform, ca. 1815
 More frequent Parliamentary elections
 Lower taxes
 End to political corruption
 Less concern for landowners than for urban merchants and
shopkeepers
 New Organizing
 Petitioning
 Pamphleteering
 Symbols (badges, medals, rings)
 fundraising
 Broad appeal: London and beyond
The New Popular Platform: Franchise
 New Political Demands
 Abolition of all rotten boroughs (municipal districts)
 Old Sarum in Wiltshire had 3 houses, and a population of 15
 Dunwich in Suffolk had nearly eroded into the sea, and only had a population of 32
voters
 Broader franchise
 More frequent elections
 Members of Parliament sworn to serve the interest of their constituents
 Protection of the individual against executive or legislative persecution
Fear of Revolution
 United States, 1776
 France, 1789
 France, 1830
The 1820s
 Peterloo Massacres
 Manchester, 1819
 60,000-80,000 people
 Eleven killed, 400 injured (100 women)
 Moves toward reform




Partial repeal of Combination Acts (unions)
Simplified Criminal code
Lower tariffs on imports
Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts
 Catholics can sit in Parliament and hold offices
Liberal Reform: The Bill, 1832
 Borough Reform
 Redistribution of parliamentary seats: who gets what?
 Franchise Reform
 Urban, male, £10 freeholders
 Key missing reform?
Post-Reform Politics
 After the 1832 Reform Bill, the newly enfranchised take a
paternalistic attitude to the new “working class”
 In the 1840s Factories employed a small minority of workers
 England: 5%
 France: 3%
 Prussia: 2%
 Increased state focus on the condition of the workers
 Living conditions
 Working conditions
 Sanitary conditions: cities with over 50,000 people had twice the death
rates of the countryside
Post-Reform Politics
 Liberal Reform
 1833: Abolition of slavery
 Slave trade ended in 1807
 1833: Factory Act
 Sets minimum age requirement
 9-Hour limits for the youngest workers (ages 9 to 13)
 Minimum schooling requirements
 Adolescents only work 12 hours/day
Post-Reform Politics
 1834: New Poor Law
 Poor Law introduced in Elizabethan times: outdoor relief
 no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law
authorities except in a workhouse
 conditions in workhouses made very harsh to discourage people from
wanting to receive help
 Workhouses built in every parish
 ratepayers in each parish or union had to elect a Board of Guardians to
supervise the workhouse, to collect the Poor Rate and to send reports
to the Central Poor Law Commission
 the three man Central Poor Law Commission would be appointed by
the government
Reaction to the
Bill
The Workhouse
Post-Reform Politics
 1842: Mines Act
 How does this act limit the workforce in
the mines?
 1847: 10-hour work day
How the urban workers live