Transcript Intermodal - Raymond J. Harbert College of Business

Modal Analysis: Intermodal
Intermodal
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Share of US Transport Market
2010 US
Shipments
Truck
INTERMODAL
(TONS)
12,490 68%
Rail
1,776 10%
Pipeline
1,494
8%
Intermodal
1,380
8%
860
5%
12
0%
302
2%
Water
Air
Other
Total
PIPELINE
RAIL
TRUCK
18,313
Intermodal: transportation of freight in an multi-mode container (rail,
ship, or truck) without handling the freight when changing modes.
Pipeline
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Industry
• Intermodal transportation reduces
cargo handling thereby improving
security, reducing damage & loss
claims and allowing freight to be
transported more efficiently.
• A key benefit is lower costs vs.
motor freight for intra-continental
moves; downside is the marginally
increased transit times vs. truck
transport over short distances.
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Industry Statistics
Intermodal
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Industry Statistics
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Containers
• Containers (or ISO containers) are the primary type of equipment
used in intermodal transport, particularly when one of the modes of
transportation is by ship.
• Containers are 8-foot wide by 8-foot high. The most common lengths
are 20 feet, 40 feet and 53 feet although other custom lengths exist.
• In countries where the railway track gauge is sufficient, truck trailers
are used. Variations exist including open-topped versions covered
by a fabric curtain are used to transport larger loads.
• Containers called tanktainers (tank inside standard container frame)
carry liquids. Refrigerated containers are used for perishables.
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Industry Statistics
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Transportation Strategy
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Container Handling
Standardized handling equipment is designed for efficiently transferring
containers between rail, truck and sea-going vessels and includes:
• Transtainers - transferring containers from sea-going vessels onto
either trucks or rail wagons; a transtainer is mounted on rails with a
large boom spanning the distance between the ship's cargo hold and
the intermodal wagon moving parallel to the ship's side
• Gantry Cranes - straddle rail and road vehicles allowing for quick
transfer of containers; a spreader beam moves in several directions
allowing accurate positioning of the cargo
• Reach Stackers - fitted with lifting arms, spreader beams lift units to
swap or stack containers on top of each other
• Sidelifters - over-the-road trailers with cranes fitted at each end to
hoist and transport containers in small yards or over longer distances
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Intermodal Transportation - Ocean
• Ocean vessels are designed to transport intermodal containers.
• Custom-built to carriers
specifications, a ships
capacity is measured in
TEUs or 20’ equivalent units.
• Vessel that holds 1,000 40’
containers has a capacity
of 2,000 TEU.
• Containers are typically
stacked seven high.
• Large container ships are capable of carrying > 15,000 TEUs.
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Transportation - Ocean
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Transportation Strategy
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Top 15 Global ISO Container Companies
CONTAINER COMPANY
Moller-Maersk Group
Mediterranean Shipping
CMA CGM
American President Lines
Evergreen Marine
Hapag-Lloyd
COSCO
CSAV
Hanjin Shipping
China Shipping Container Lines
NYK Line
Mitsui Lines
Orient Overseas Container Line
Hamburg Süd
Zim Integrated
Intermodal
TEU CAPACITY
2,150,888
1,638,962
1,100,007
589,879
554,725
541,811
498,437
469,428
448,051
440,236
365,034
363,188
353,338
338,778
322,685
11
NUMBER OF SHIPS
545
414
384
147
152
124
134
128
98
122
95
94
77
109
96
Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Transportation - Rail
In the US, containers are shipped by rail on
container cars. These cars resemble flatcars but
have a container-sized depression (well), in the
middle of the car. This depression allows for
sufficient clearance to allow two containers to be
loaded in the car in a "double stack" arrangement.
In the US, transporting semi-trailers on rail flatcars,
an arrangement called "piggyback" or TOFC (trailer
on flatcar) is common. Flatcar design allows trailers
to be rolled on from one end, though lifting trailers
on and off flatcars by specialized loaders is more
common. TOFC terminals typically have large areas
for storing trailers pending loading or pickup.
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Transportation Strategy
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TOFC & COFC – High Volume Lanes
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Intermodal Transportation - Truck
Truck freight is frequently used to
connect the "linehaul" ocean and
rail segments of a global intermodal
freight movement. This specialized
trucking that runs between ocean
ports, rail terminals, and inland
shipping docks, is often called
drayage, and is typically provided
by dedicated drayage companies
or by the railroads.
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Intermodal Transportation – Land Bridges
The term land bridge is used in intermodal
freight with reference to a containerized
ocean freight shipment that travels across
a large body of land for a significant part of
the trip, en-route to its final destination.
There are 2 land bridge applications:
1.
2.
Intermodal container shipped by ocean vessel
from country-to-country where the land bridge
crosses an entire country or continent enroute.
Intermodal container shipped by ocean vessel
from country-to-country where freight passes
across a large portion of land in either country.
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Transportation – Load Securing
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Transportation – Load Securing
• It is estimated 20 - 25% of freight accidents are attributable to inadequate
cargo securing. Cargo improperly secured can cause accidents leading to the
loss of cargo, lives, vehicles, (truck, ship, air) and can result in environmental
hazards.
• There are numerous practices and materials
available to stabilize and secure cargo in
containers.
• Conventional load securing methods and
materials such as steel banding and wood
blocking & bracing are widely used.
• Recently, new methods have become available through innovation and
technological advancement including polyester strapping and lashing,
synthetic webbings and dunnage bags.
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Transportation Strategy
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Port / Container Security
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Intermodal Transportation – Security
The increased importance of global
transportation presents port authorities
with a challenge of how to tighten
security measures. The challenge – how
to protect their assets without disrupting
commerce resulting in severe economic
consequences?
Port security managers must be vigilant
to not confuse devices designed for
inventory with those meant for security.
Although some devices can serve both
purposes, they should be evaluated
separately for each application.
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Transportation Strategy
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Intermodal Transportation – Security
A multi-layered approach of low technology, new
complex technology and best practices should be
employed. Although difficult, it’s necessary to effectively
manage and measure the deterrence of security issues.
Best security seals are difficult to tamper with
mechanically and impossible to tamper with electronically.
Any attempt to open or tamper with the seal initiates an
alert. It is activated upon closing and deactivated only
upon it being reopened by authorized person.
Radio frequency identification tags (RFID) are claimed
to be security devices. They are not but do provide
tamper-indicating seals used to detect unauthorized
access.
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Transportation Strategy
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