Instructor: Lee Reynolds, Associate Professor Department of Engineering Technology Texas Tech University

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Overview of Today’s Lecture

 Administrative Matters – Website: http://129.118.86.167

 Office Schedule  User ID: ctec4343  Password: et4343s07  Key Sections of CTEC 4343 Website – Historical Perspective of Safety & Health 2

Student Learning Objectives

 Know major events in the history of safety and health  Know labor contributions  List some safety and health organizations in existence today 3

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Office and Class Schedule for Professor Reynolds Spring Semester Office Location: ME 224A Office Phone: 742-3539-Ext 233 Email: [email protected]

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Specialization ( 'Standard Industrial Classification, assigned by the U.S. Department of Commerce

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General contractor, single family General contractor, nonresidential Highway & street construction Bridge, tunnel, & elevated highways Plumbing, heating, & air conditioning Painting, paperhanging, & decorating Masonry, stonework, & tile setting Plastering, drywall, & acoustical Carpeting & flooring Concrete work Structural steel erection Glass & glazing work Wrecking & demolition SIC Code 1521 154 161 1622 171 172 174 1742 175 177 1792 1793

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1795

The concept of shared liability contributes to the following potential problems for construction companies:

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Construction companies can find themselves named in a lawsuit filed by someone they do not even employ when the concept of shared liability is used to couple them with another company.

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Courts often hold general contractors at least partially liable for the actions of their subcontractors, claiming that, if they did not know about unsafe conditions, they should have.

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Construction companies that serve as general contractors are expected to exercise control over all aspects of a construction project and can be held liable.

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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tends to hold all parties accountable (general contractors and subcontractors), even if they are not directly involved in a given violation

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Major topics on the health and safety movement covered in this presentation:  Developments before the Industrial Revolution.  Milestones in the Safety Movement  Role of Organized Labor 9

 Development of Accident Prevention Programs  Development of Safety Organizations  Safety and Health Movement Today 10

• What is Occupational Safety and Health?

• It is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human and capital resources in the workplace.

• What does occupational safety and health mean to society and business?

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• Economics • Moral • Legal 12

• 2000 BC - Code of Hammurabi • Code of all laws of the land • Included clauses on personal losses 13

• 400 BC - Greek and Roman Physicians • Noted concerns for individuals exposed to metals • 200 AD - Galen • Roman physician wrote about dangers of acid mists to copper miners 14

• 1500 AD - Paracelsus • Studied miners diseases. His studies formed the basis of modern toxicology (study of poisons) “All things are poisonous and none inherently poisonous. Only a dose determines severity.” 15

• Bernardo Ramazzini - Disease of Workers • Urged physicians to ask patients “What trade are you in?” 16

• 1700 - Percival Pott • Observed the first occupational cancers • Scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps 17

• • • • Inanimate Power Substitute Machines for people New methods for converting raw materials Division of labor • Frederick W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911 • The Assembly line 18

• Factory inspections in MA.

• Mining laws in PA.

• Safeguarding for hazardous machines in MA.

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• None Prior to 1970 • States had the responsibility for health and safety laws.

• Laws were usually industry specific and inadequately funded • Injury and Illness rates were perceived as too high.

• Pressure from Organized Labor 20

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1970 1975 1980 Injury Rate 1985

Years

1990 Linear (Injury Rate) 1995 2000 21

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1930 OSHAct of 1970 1940 1950 1960

Years

1970 Death Rate 1980 Linear (Death Rate) 1990 2000 22

• What has changed in the last 50 years?

• More technology • More mechanization • Less labor • More service based business 23

• Helped to overturn several anti labor laws relating to safety and health.

• Fellow servant rule • Contributory negligence • Assumption of risk 24

Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Unsafe Causes Total cases of workplace accidents 88% 10% 2% 100% According to engineering theory, people, not unsafe conditions were the greatest cause of accidents. 25

• First Safety Program - Steel mills in PA. 1887 • Focus of programs on the 3 E’s of Safety • Engineering • Enforcement • Education 26

• 1867 Massachusetts introduces factory inspection. • 1868 Patent awarded to first barrier safeguard.

• 1869 Pennsylvania passes law requiring two exits from all mines and the Bureau of Labor Statistics is formed. 27

• 1877 Massachusetts passes law requiring safeguards on hazardous machines and the Employer’s Liability Law is passed. • 1892 First recorded safety program is established. 28

 1907 Bureau of Mines created by U.S.

Department of the Interior.

 1908 Concept of Worker’s Compensation is introduced in the United States. 29

 1911 Wisconsin passed first effective worker’s compensation law in the U.S. and New Jersey becomes first state to uphold a worker’s compensation law. 30

 1912 First cooperative safety conference meets in Milwaukee.  1913 National Council of Industrial Safety is formed.

 1915 National Council of Industrial Safety changes name to National Safety Council. 31

 1916 Concept of negligent manufacture is established (product liability).

 1936 National Silicosis Conference convened by U.S. Secretary of Labor. 32

 1965, Federal Metal and Non-Metallic Mine Safety Act.

 1965, Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act  1965, Contact Workers and Safety standards Act 33

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1970 Occupational Health and Safety Act passes.

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1977 Federal Mine Safety Act passes.

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 1986 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act.  1990 Amended Clean Air Act of 1970.

 1996 Introduction of Total Safety Management (TSM) concept. 35

Summary

 Remaining Slides list organizations concerned with safety and health  Your vocation will interface you with one of the more hazardous environments 36

 Alliance for American Insurers  American Board of Industrial Hygiene  American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists 37

 American Industrial Hygiene Association  American Insurance Association  American National Standards Institute 38

 American Occupational Medical Association  American Society of Safety Engineers  American Society of Mechanical Engineers 39

 American Society of Safety Engineers  American Society for Testing and Materials  Chemical Transportation Emergency Center  Human Factors Society 40

 National Fire Protection Association  National Safety Council  National Safety Management Society  Society of Automotive Engineers 41

 System Safety Society  Underwriters Laboratory 42

 American Public Health Association  Bureau of Labor Statistics  Bureau of National Affairs  Commerce Clearing House  Environmental Protection Agency 43

 National Institute of Standards and technology (formerly national Bureau of Standards)  National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health 44

 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)  Superintendent of Document, U.S. Government Printing Office  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.

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Six Reasons for preventing accidents and occupational illnesses:  Needless destruction of life and health morally unjustified.  Failure to take necessary precautions against accidents and illnesses morally wrong.

 Severely limit efficiency and productivity.

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 Far reaching social harm.

 Safety movement demonstrated its techniques effective.

 State and federal laws mandate responsibility. 47

 Safety and Health long history dating back to Egyptian pharaohs and Hammurabi code.

 U.S. milestones include 1 st recorded safety program, Creation of Bureau of Mines, passage of 1 st effective worker’s compensation law,OSHA law. 48

 Work of unions to overturn anti-labor laws.

 Specific health problems of miners’ diseases, mercury poisoning, and asbestos. 49

 widely used accident prevention techniques.

 Development of safety organizations.  Today’s characterization of integration and professionalism. 50