PM Model Performance in Southern California Using UAMAERO-LT Joseph Cassmassi Senior Meteorologist SCAQMD February 11, 2004

Particulate Modeling in the South Coast Air Basin: Historical Perspective • 1991 & 1994 AQMPs – Annual PM10 simulated using PIC for SO 4 and NO 3 with CMB and speciated rollback • 1997 AQMP – Annual PM10 simulated using UAMLC for SO 4 and NO 3 with CMB and speciated rollback > Simulated PM10 episode using UAMAERO • 2003 AQMP – Annual PM10 and PM2.5 using UAMAERO-LT > UAMAERO-LT developed by STI to incorporate CBIV gas chemistry and empirical partition PM model PM partitioned into coarse and fine modes based > on empirical data

Establishment of Performance Criteria • No formal criteria recommended by EPA • Established 30% error margin for annual average in 1997 PM10 modeling protocol: |(predicted – observed)| / observed ≤ 30% • Error calculated for each species [NH 4 , NO 3 , SO 4 , OC, EC, Other (Crustal)] • Error averaged by species for PM sites simulated • Bias reviewed by species and sites simulated • Complementary quarterly analysis

Performance Indicator Debate • Several indices and sub-regional analyses used for gases: > Peak predicted / observed > Bias > Error • Peak predicted / observed used for ozone in 2003 AQMP • Advisory group recommendations used RRF to assess different models/chemical mechanisms

Game Plan For 2003 PM • Original concept: annual model Basin for 1995 and evaluate output for 5 speciated sites • Requested by EPA to extend analysis beyond 5 sites to enhance spatial resolution • Incorporate SSI Hi-Vol data in the analysis (evaluate simulation of PM10 mass) • Conduct grid level analyses to evaluate emissions • Conduct temporal (daily) evaluations

Time Considerations • Model performance indicators for particulates need to be comprehensive because of model simulation time requirements • Annual simulation using UAMAERO-LT including set up and post processing: > Xeon Linux Dual Processor – 3 Days > 5 vertical layers, 65 X 40 grid • Speciated rollback can be used a quick confirmation analysis • Episodic simulations: variable – dependent upon chemistry and dispersion platform

Questions Asked of the Annual Average PM10 Performance Evaluation • Concentration > within 30% error?

> species proportions reasonable?

• Are predictions at SSI sites reasonable (inferring Basin emissions totals in ballpark)?

• Does spatial distribution match observations?

• Are concentrations peaking during the correct seasonal?

• Can emissions errors/anomalies be detected?

PM2.5 Performance Evaluation: Extending the PM10 Criteria to PM2.5

• PM2.5 ratio of PM10 set by empirical analysis Species PM2.5/PM10 NH4 NO3 SO4 OC EC Primary 0.90

0.74

0.80

0.73

0.88

Variable • Use same criteria as PM10: ± 30 % absolute error for individual PM2.5 species averaged over five stations • Report bias tendency • Small concentrations exaggerate statistics

Model Simulated 1995 Annual PM2.5 (ug/m3) NH4 NO3 SO4 OC EC OTR Anaheim 4.2 10.6 2.3 5.1 2.0 5.7

Diamond Bar 4.2 10.9 2.1 4.4 1.7 5.1

Fontana 5.1 12.4 2.7 4.7 2.0 6.4

Los Angeles 3.3 8.0 2.1 4.9 1.9 5.8

Rubidoux 5.4 13.5 2.3 5.2 1.9 6.1

1995 Measured Annual PM2.5 (ug/m3) NH4 NO3 SO4 OC EC OTR Anaheim 4.3 8.2 4.2 6.2 2.7 0.7

Diamond Bar 4.6 9.3 4.0 6.4 3.3 0.1

Fontana 4.7 10.8 3.8 7.2 3.3 2.0

Los Angeles 3.9 7.5 3.7 6.5 3.4 0.1

Rubidoux 6.1 14.7 3.2 6.4 2.8 2.6

Annual PM2.5 Component Bias (ug/m3) By Station NH4 NO3 SO4 OC EC OTR Anaheim 0.0 2.5 -1.9 -1.0 -0.7 5.0

Diamond Bar -0.3 1.7 -1.9 -2.1 -1.7 5.0

Fontana 0.4 1.6 -1.1 -2.6 -1.4 4.4

Los Angeles -0.6 0.5 -1.5 -1.6 -1.5 5.7

Rubidoux -0.7 -1.2 -0.9 -1.2 -0.9 3.5

Average -0.3 1.0 -1.5 -1.7 -1.2 4.7

Annual PM2.5 Component Percent Absolute Error By Station NH4 NO3 SO4 OC EC OTR Anaheim 0.9 30.2 44.2 16.3 27.1 686.5

Diamond Bar 7.2 18.2 47.4 31.9 50.2 4958.3

Fontana 7.5 15.1 28.0 35.4 41.0 219.7

Los Angeles 15.8 6.1 42.1 24.1 43.7 5658.3

Rubidoux 11.8 7.9 29.3 18.9 30.7 136.4

Average 8.6 15.5 38.2 25.3 38.5 2331.8

Graphical Evaluation • Time Series > use PM10 analysis for estimate of PM2.5

> at least 75% PM10 is PM2.5 for each species • Evaluate SSI Hi-Vol NO 3 & SO 4 • Bivariate plots (Predicted vs. Observed) • Spatial Mapping > grid cell analysis above threshold > map particulate emissions

Rubidoux

Rubidoux

Simulated 1995 Annual Average PM10

1995 Annual Average PM10

Los Angeles

SCAQMD AIR MONITORING NETWORK

S OUT H CO A ST A IR B AS IN ( S CA B) CO UNTY LINE S A IR M ON ITO RING S TA TIO N

0 M I L ES

J UNE 1996 V E RS ION Feder al S tandard

25

NOT EXCEEDED Long Beach Anaheim 50 - 60 60 - 70 20 30 San Bernardino 60 Riverside 50 40 30 70 - 80 OVER 80 µg/m 3 20

Simulated 1995 Annual Average PM2.5

(Same Scale as PM10)

Simulated 1995 Annual Average PM2.5

(Half Scale as PM10)

25.1

31.8

27.7

26.3

35.8

(1995 PTEP Sites Annual Average PM2.5 Superimposed)

Other Model Performance Indicators (1995 Rubidoux As An Example) • Annual Average Ozone > Predicted 1.1 pphm > Observed 2.9 pphm • 24-hr Average Ozone > Predicted 3.3 pphm > Observed 7.4 pphm • Nitric acid > Predicted 1.9 µg/m 3 > Observed 1.1 µg/m 3

Uncertainties Contributing to Performance Evaluation • Primary emissions are grid specific and contribute to several PM2.5 categories EC, OC, SO 4 & crustal • Ammonia emissions variable • NOx impact to particulate formation non-linear • Specification of boundary conditions (2003 AQMP used monthly values)

Assessment of PM10/2.5 Modeling • Need advise on rank of importance of the different performance measures to model acceptance • Need better meteorology and dispersion platform • Evaluate and export LT linear chemistry to other platforms • Evaluate full aerosol chemistry