Transcript THE COLD WAR

YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945
• FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN
• AGREED ON:
 United Nations
 International Peacekeeping
organization
 Division of Germany
 Democratic Elections for
Poland
 German Prisoner of War Forced Labor


Met in a German city of Potsdam.
- American concern that communism and soviet influence might
spread in the postwar world.

July 1945
• TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN
• AMERICAN VIEW:
 We had fought to bring
DEMOCRACY to the world
 Wanted an ECONOMICALLY
strong and POLITICALLY open
world to create MARKETS
• SOVIET VIEW:
 Wanted to rebuild to PROTECT interests
 SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject to soviet
domination
While the U.S and Soviets were allies during WWII they argued
over military strategy
MISTRUST
- Development of the atomic bomb in the United States
- Soviet spies had managed to steal the plans and Soviet
scientists followed them closely.
- -- Soviets saw it as a threat and began to develop a bomb of
their own.
 Became
 Ran
 His
President in 1945
again, successfully, in 1948.
family's financial problems kept him from
attending a four-year college.
-Outlawed political parties that opposed
communism
Jailed or killed opponents to ensure success of
communist candidates
- Every nation in Eastern Europe had a Sovietfriendly Communist government in place.
- (under direct control of Stalin and Soviet
Union)
-  Removing of Germans brutally.
-
American/British leaders did not want Eastern Europe
to fall under a dictator.
1946- former British Prime Minister, CHURCHILL,
went to US.
March 5, delivered a speech attacking the Soviet Union
for creating an IRON CURTAIN– belief that
communism had created a sharp division in Europe.
DEFINITION:
Stalin used Churchill’s
speech to persuade his
people that U.S. and
Britain were ENEMIES
The competition between
the United States and the
Soviet Union for power Began to rebuild the
and influence in the
Soviet Union’s Military.
world
 American
leaders needed a new policy to deal
with the situation at hand
 Late
1940s, new policy
CONTAINMENT: Provided economic aid to
strengthen countries against the Soviets.
GEORGE KENNAN- American diplomat and
expert on Soviet Union
 Kennan
believed that the
United States should
resist Soviet attempts to
expand its power and
influence wherever
those attempts occurred.
 --
not limited to military
force.
 1947
 Truman
informed
Congress of an urgent
need to provide
emergency economic
and military aid to
Greece and Turkey (who
were facing Soviet
pressure)
 Argued
that providing aid would help both the Greek
and Turkish govt resist Soviet Expansion.
 United
States providing hundred of millions of
dollars in aid to Greece and Turkey to fight
Communist influence.
 In
both countries, the Soviets did not succeed
in gaining control.
 In
your groups, please split up the Truman
Speech into four sections.
 Each
person will read and outline one of these
sections and “report back” to their classmates.
 You
will then answer the questions as a group
about the speech.
 Read
the comments and quotes that were given
to your group (split them up into 4)
 Economic
Problems with Greece were severe.
 Fighting
was over, but people were continuing
to suffer (hunger, poverty)
AMERICANS felt moved to help and knew that
if things became worse- Communism would
spread.
Marshall plan helped the United States build
political support in Western Europe.
 June
1947 George C.
Marshall, former WWII
military leader, and now
secretary of state
 - speech at Harvard
University
 Called
for a massive
American program of aid
to help Europe rebuild
and get back on its feet.
 1948-1951-
U.S.
government spent over 13
billion in 17 diff
countries.
 Food,
farm equipment,
rebuilt homes and
factories
 Even
offered aid to Stalin
and his allies
-- he refused.
 After
-
-
WWII, The allies had divided Germany into four
zones of occupation
British
French
American in the western area
Soviet in the east.
The capital of Berlin, which lay within the Soviet zone,
was divided into 4 zones
 In
June 1948, Stalin
decided to blockade
West Berlin.
 BERLIN
BLOCKADE**How had West Berlin been
supplied?
WHY??
 Stalin is upset because
the British, Americans,
and French are ready to
combine their zones and
form West Germany
Trains, trucks and
waterways
Stalin shuts those
down: can’t use them
….Crisis begins
 In
your marking period groups brainstorm ALL
possible solutions to this crisis. In addition,
each group needs to come up with at least two
advantages and disadvantages to each solution.
 When
you have finished making this list, create
a COLLINS II persuasion letter describing why
your solution is the best.
 2.1
million residents cut off from sources of
food, coal, basic necessities
 Western
powers could try to supply West
Berlin by air.
-- what would Soviets do?
Decided to take the risk. Their hope for keeping
West Berlin free was a massive air lift.
 Within
days, Britain and American airplanes were
making deliveries to the people of West Berlin.
 Flew
an average of 7,000 tons of supplies into
West Berlin.
LANDED, UNLOADED, TOOK OFF
 Built another airlift in the French sector of
Berlin. In April 1949, nearly 1400 separate flights
took place and 400,000 tons of supplies were
delivered.
 70 Americans
and British citizens died in
airplane crashes
 5 German civilians on the ground were killed
 May
12, 1949, Soviet Union lifted the
blockade.
 American
British and French planes had made
nearly 280,000 flights by then.
 North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
--Provide a measure of security, Belgium, France,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United
Kingdom joined together in a system of common
defense in 1948.
In April 1949 the United States and six other
nations joined the original five to create a new
military alliance – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, NATO.
Belgium, France ,Luxembourg, Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway,
Portugal.
According to the Treaty…
An armed attack against one of the member nations
would be considered an attack against all.
Mid 1950s – Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined.
 1955
the Soviets established a new
organization called the WARSAW PACT.
 Military Alliance
with the Soviet-dominated
countries of Eastern Europe.
 These
nations stood ready to defend each other
and the Soviet Union.
 Tool
that helped the Soviets solidify control in
Eastern Europe.
# of countries
in NATO today
WARSAW
PACT
DISSOLVES
NATO TODAY
 1949-
two events added
greatly to nation’s
anxiety
1.
2.
Soviet Union
possessed an atomic
weapon
Communism had
gained control of
China, the most
populous country in
world.

1949: USSR Hydrogen
develops the
• Atomic Bomb!

Bomb
1952: In response,
the US
developed theover
• Hydrogen Bomb: fireball 3
Korea
mile diameter, 25 mile high
cloud
• Some didn’t want to build it,
Truman gave OK

1953: USSR developed HBomb
MASSIVE RETALIATION
: Pledge that the United States would use
overwhelming force against the
Soviet Union, including nuclear weapons,
to settle a serious conflict.
CIA- Central Intelligence
Agency – formed in 1947 to
collect information about –
and spy on – foreign
governments
 Choose
any country in the world that you would
like to spy on as a CIA agent
-- name two things that you would want to know
and find out, what you would do with that
information, and your execution plan. (8 minutes)
In your MPGs, discuss what your plan is, where you are
going, and fears or dangers that you may encounter.
: market
value of all goods and
services produced
DOUBLES!
1945: $212 billion
1960: $504 billion
: average
income per person
$1,526
To
$2,788
CONGLOMERATE:
Corporation made up of
three of more unrelated
businesses.
Large corporation that
owns smaller companies
that produce different
goods and services
Ex:
FRANCHISE:
The right to open a
restaurant using a parent
company’s brand name
and system
Franchise owners assume
less risk than small
business owners and
they sell a product that is
well known and liked by
the consumer.
 Machines
do the jobs people used to.
: performing services for others
 Fill
in the Graphic Organizer at the bottom of
notes
 Define “Executive Order 9981” At bottom of
page
 Write a Letter!
 Imagine you are a soldier returning home from WWII
 Write to a fellow soldier over seas
 Explain how different life is in America now
GI Bill, Executive Order 9981, Jobs, Economy, etc
 “Government
Issue”
-- nickname for members of the armed forces.
 Provided
money for veterans to attend college or receive
advanced job training.
 Arranged
for loans for those wishing to buy a home, far,
or business.
 Goal:
life
help veterans make a smooth entry into civilian
•
•
•
Helped millions of GI’s
return to civilian life
Homes were bought
College attendance
increased
 Ended
segregation in the
U.S. armed forces.
**Major step forward for
African Americans
BABY BOOM
-- a dramatic rise in the birthrate (2 decades
following WWII)
NEW HOMES
-- Suburban developments – LEVITTOWN, New
York.
 Offered suburban lifestyle to many
 African Americans not allowed
 Built with necessities – even TVs!!!!
 Single-family home at a reasonable price
2 will read about Senator Joseph
McCarthy (481-482) – Summarize,
identify & define TTK
2 will read Korea before the War &
the Start of the Korean War (484485) – Summarize, identify & define
TTK
Compare knowledge with partner
Share with other pair – take notes!
2 will read about Senator Joseph
McCarthy (657-658)– Summarize,
identify & define important terms
2 will read Korea before the War & the
Start of the Korean War (653-655) –
Summarize, identify & define important
terms
Compare knowledge with partner
Share with other pair – take notes!
Exposed rigid gender roles
Showed that women were unfulfilled in roles as
housewife
Made it okay for women to speak about
unhappiness
 HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee
- Investigate the full range of radical groups in
the United States
-
1947- Explore possible Communist influence
in the American film industry
HOLLYWOOD TEN- 10
actors/producers/writers
10
actors/producers/writers
accused of radical political
views
Served jail time – up to
12 months
Employee
Loyalty Program
-- Created by TRUMAN
-- All federal employees
would be investigated
--Anyone found disloyal to
the U.S. would be barred
from fed govt.
BLACKLIST – a list from
which all the major
Hollywood employers
refused to hire.
-- 3 million investigated
--200 judged disloyal
 HOLLYWOOD
TEN-
 Federal
(1952)
Required Communist organizations to register with the
government and established a special board to
investigate Communist involvement.
Made it illegal to plan for a creation of a totalitarian
dictatorship and prevented Communists or other radicals
from entering the United States.
• Truman: “One of the most un-American acts I have ever
witnessed in my public career.”
• Congress passes over Truman’s veto
 American
 Accused
 Pleaded
Communists
of selling A-Bomb secrets to USSR
the 5th
 Pablo
Picasso “do not let this crime against humanity
take place”
 Electrocuted
 Julius
in 1953
guilty
 Ethel knew, but didn’t take part
9, 1950 – U.S. senator, McCarthy, went
Wheeling, West
to West Virginia
to deliver a speech in front of a
Virginia
Republican
women’s group.
 February
Topic: dangers of communism
- Claimed that there were 205 known Communists
working for the U.S. Department of State.
-
~~Waved a list in front of the crowd saying it
contained 57 names of Communists in the State
Department.
 Americans
easily
believed his claims.
never produced the
list of names he claimed
to have.
 Earned
the reputation as
the nation’s top
Communist fighter.
 He
committee
looked into his charges
and never found
evidence of Communists
in the State Department.
 Went
on attack; made
new charges, again with
no evidence.
 Senate
 Herb
Lock (cartoonist)
called his tactic of
spreading fear
 “McCarthyism”
Tydings – Maryland senator, one of Truman’s
strongest supporters.
 Millard
McCarthy tried to bring him down…produced fake
photographs showing Tydings talking to the head of
American Communist party. TYDINGS WAS defeated
in this election.
McCarthyism spread everywhere. FBI was investigating
people who were questioned, etc. 1000s of people were
fired for political views.
 600





mile long Korean Peninsula lies between China
and Japan.
Since 1905 Korea had been under the control of the
Japanese.
At Yalta: the allied agreed the Korea should be free
following the war.
38th Parallel: Allies agreed to temporarily divide
Korea into northern and southern parts.
-- dividing line would be the parallel at 38 degrees
north latitude
NORTH- USSR
SOUTH - AMERICA
 June
25, 1950, 100,000
North Korean troops
crossed the 38th Parallel
and invaded South
Korea.
 Carried
Soviet-made
weapons
 Drove Soviet-made
tanks
 Came
as a surprise to
U.S.
 Truman
and World War
II hero General Dwight
D. Eisenhower felt the
same.
Truman ordered American
naval and air forces to
support South Korean
ground troops.
 THE
UN voted unanimously in favor of the use of
force.
POLICE ACTION: U.S. never declared war.
GOAL: UN forces formed a line around the port city of
Pusan.
Douglass MacArthur’s plan – make a landing
behind North Korean lines at the port city of
Inchon.
 Inchon
Landing: Led by Douglas MacArthur,
--70,000 troops landed and held ground
October 1: all of South Korea freed
Challenge? Should they stop at the 38th Parallel?
MacArthur
wanted to take all of North Korea and
MacArthur
Truman supported the plan
OOPS! 260,000 Chinese troops crossed the border!
UN forces had to retreat to Seoul
-- MacArthur called for bombing of the Chinese
mainland
--Truman fired MacArthur
 80,000 Americans
wounded
 14,000 Americans dead
 Ends
in an Armistice
 Split
NORTH- Communist
SOUTH- Anti-Communist
 Between
1945-1950 5 million television sets
appeared in home
 By 1959 more than 40 million American had
at least one set.
• In 1954 televised McCarthy hearing that finally gave
the public the chance to see his disgraceful, bulling
behavior.
• Advertising: one show sponsored, then commercials!
• Shifting to buying just one or two minute segments
during shows to sell their products
• Programming: reflected
• 50s values (family, game shows)
American Bandstand, I Love Lucy, - rock and roll music
Mom:
Stay home, cook, clean, create the
perfect home
Dad:
Provide financially, disciplinarian
Children:
Obey! Be seen, not heard.
Effects of violent content
on young viewers
TV industry promised that
law enforcement would
always appear in a
positive light and
criminals would be “bad
guys.”
SOVIETS ADVANCE
 USSR behind in number
of weapons
 October 4, 1957: Soviets
launched
: first satellite
launched into space
: investigated the
future of exploring space
SATELLITE: An object that
orbits around the earth
1958- Us was ready to launch a
satellite of its own.
 1951 – congress passes 22nd amendment
• President may only serve two terms
• Truman: “eight years as president is long enough and
sometimes too much for any man to serve in this capacity.”
 Dwight
Eisenhower & Richard Nixon(vice
presidential running mate)
• Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000 as campaign
“gifts” (not illegal, but accused of dishonesty)
• Nixon used new technology, TV, to give famous “Checkers
Speech”
• Ticket wins
 1953:
power
Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes to
SUMMIT: meeting of the heads of government
-- Americans and Soviets meet in Switzerland in 1955
Eisenhower proposed an “open skies” treaty
• Both countries would be able to fly over other’s
territory to see military operations
Soviets say no!
(not a problem, we have the U-2 Plane and we sent it into
Soviet airspace to inspect their military facilities)
Americans still like Ike, re-elect him in 1956
 SEATO
-
Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
-
Australia, Great Britain,
France, New Zealand,
Pakistan, the
Philippines, Thailand,
US.
-
Agreed to work together
to resist communist
aggression.
In partners…
Create a proposal for a new television program
for the year 1952 that would fit into one of the
categories that were popular during the time.
Include an analysis explaining why they think
their program would have been popular with
1950s audiences. You should include ideas for
characters and plots.
What is the name of your television show?
What is the plot?
What is the purpose of the plot?
Who are the characters?
Why would this show be popular to audiences during
this time?