Transcript Document

Personality
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Trait Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personality Assessment
I. Psychoanalytic Perspective
Conclusions Freud Drew after Studying
Conversion Disorder
• There is an unconscious.
• There are active processes of defense and
repression.
• Childhood sexuality is very important.
Psychoanalytic Personality Concepts
• Levels of Awareness
– Conscious
– Preconscious
– Un/Subconscious
• Personality Structures
– Id (pleasure principle)
– Ego (reality principle
– Superego (morality principle)
Conflict, Anxiety, & Defense
• Anxiety: a warning signal that something bad
is about to happen
• Anxiety signals the ego to use defenses
• Anxiety ~ air raid siren warning of an
impending air attack
• Ego defenses ~ anti-aircraft guns designed to
combat the enemy planes
Ego Defense Mechanisms
• Repression (The master defense):blocking
mental content from conscious awareness
• Regression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Displacement
• Sublimation
Personality Development
• Freud also had a stage model of psychosexual
development (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, &
Genital)
• Getting stuck in one of these stages is called
“fixation”
• More about an important stage: The Phallic
Stage & the Oedipus & Electra Complexes
– Identification resolves the conflict and results in
the formation of the superego
II. Trait Perspective
The FiveFactor
Theory
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Emotionally
Unstable
(neurotic)
Eysenck’s
Simpler Model
Eysenck’s Theory of
Personality
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Extraverted
Introverted
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Emotionally
Stable
introversion ◄► extraversion
neuroticism ◄► emotional stability
III. Humanistic Perspective
inherent goodness of
people
healthy personality
development
Humanistic
Perspective
human potential for
psychological growth
self-awareness and
free will
Key Humanistic Concepts
• Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that
you hold about yourself. (Who are you?
Describe yourself.)
• Self-Esteem: One’s feelings of high or low selfworth (How do you feel about your selfconcept?)
Rogers’ Fully-Functioning Person
• Trust their
feelings/Intuitions
• Experience feelings
intensely & deeply
• Accept and express all
feelings
• Less likely to conform to
social roles
• Present focused
• Honest & open
• Open to and learn from
experience
• Constantly developing
& growing
• Oriented towards fully
living life
• Show care and concern
for others
• Creative
Factors Contributing to Psychological
Health
• Unconditional Positive Regard/Acceptance
– In contrast to Conditional Positive Regard
• Empathy
• Genuineness
IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal
Determinism
Social-cognitive
perspective;
personalities are
shaped by the
interaction of our
personal traits, our
environment, and
our behavior
Personal Control
• Locus of Control (Rotter)
– Internal versus external
• Learned Helplessness (Seligman)
V. Personality Assessment
• MMPI
• Projective Tests
MMPI
• Example of an “empirically derived” test
• Questions “earn” their way onto the final test
by statistically differentiating different groups
of people (people with and without
depression, people with and without
schizophrenia, people with and without
alcohol problems, etc…)
Simulated MMPI Items
Simulated MMPI Items
MMPI Clinical Scales
MMPI Clinical Scales
Projective Tests
• Assume that people will reveal their
(unconscious) personalities when they
interpret ambiguous stimuli.
• Examples:
– Rorschach Inkblot Test
– Thematic Apperception Test
What might this be?
Can someone tell a story about what’s
going on in this picture?
Psychological Disorders
I. What Is a Mental Disorder?
II. History of Mental Disorders
III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior
IV. Classifying Mental Disorders
V. Anxiety Disorders
VI. Mood Disorders
VII.Dissociative Disorders
VIII.Schizophrenia
I. What Is a Mental Disorder?
The “Three Ds” of Abnormal Behavior
• Distress (disturbing)
• Dysfunction (maladaptive, unjustifiable)
• Deviance (atypical)
II. History of Mental Disorders
A. Demonic Possession
Trephination
II. History of Mental Disorders
A. Demonic Possession
B. Biological Perspective
C. Psychological Perspective
•
Modern theorists combine the last two
approaches with a social approach to create
the bio-psycho-social perspective on mental
disorders
III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal
Behavior
IV. Classifying Mental Disorders
V. Anxiety Disorders
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Phobias
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
VI. Mood Disorders
A. Major Depressive Disorder
1. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
B. Dysthymic Disorder
C. Bipolar Disorder
D. Cyclothymic Disorder
Symptoms of Depression
(5/9 symptoms for at least 2 weeks)
• Depressed mood
• Weight loss/gain
• Motor agitation or
impairment
• Fatigue or loss of
energy
• Feelings of
worthlessness or guilt
• Change in sleep
• Concentration
impairment
• Thoughts of death or
suicide
• Loss of interest in
previously pleasurable
activities
Symptoms of Mania
• Elevated, expansive or irritable mood for at least
1 week, plus at least three of the following:
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• More talkative or pressure to keep talking
• Flight of ideas or racing thoughts
• Increase in goal-directed activity
• Excessive involvement in potentially dangerous
activities
VII. Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociation ~ forgetting or memory
impairment
• Most well known dissociative disorder:
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, a.k.a.
multiple personality disorder)
VIII. Schizophrenia
A. Positive Symptoms
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized sensations, thinking, speech, &
behavior
B. Negative Symptoms
1. Flat Affect
2. Lack of Speech
3. Lack of Motivation
Therapies & Treatments
I. Psychoanalysis
II. Humanistic Therapies
III. Cognitive Therapies
IV. Behavior Therapy
V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapies
VI. Psychotherapy Effectiveness
VII.Biomedical Therapies
I. Psychoanalysis
Ways of Accessing the Unconscious
• Free Association
• Dream Interpretation
– Material in dreams is symbolic; dreams allow
unconscious wish fulfillment
• Transference
– Client relates to therapist as if therapist were a
significant person from the client’s past (mother,
father, sibling)
• Interpretations
II. Humanistic Therapies
•
•
•
•
Client-Center Therapy (Carl Rogers)
Unconditional positive regard/acceptance
Empathy
Genuineness
III. Cognitive Therapies
• Aaron Beck: Cognitive Therapy
• Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
IV. Behavior Therapy
• Classical Conditioning
– Systematic desensitization: teach people
relaxation skills and then gradually expose them to
anxiety-evoking situations
• Operant Conditioning
– Token economies
V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapy
VI. Additional Thought on
Psychotherapy
Common Factors of Psychotherapy
• Hope
• A New Perspective/Explanation
• An Empathic, Trusting Relationship
VII. Biomedical Therapies
• Medications
Antianxiety Medications
• Benzodiazapines (e.g., Valium, Xanex)
– Highly addictive, withdrawal unpleasant
– Increase GABA to decrease brain activity
• Non-benzodiazapines (e.g., Buspar)
– Fewer side effects
– Unclear how it works
Antidepressant Medications
• Tricyclic Antidepressants
• MAOIs (a.k.a., MAO Inhibitors)
• SSRIs (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)
– Prevent reuptake of serotonin
• Lithium
– Used to treat mania
– Not technically an antidepressant
Antipsychotic Medications
• Used to treat the psychotic symptoms
associated with disorders such as
schizophrenia
Other Biomedical Treatments
• ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
• rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation)
• Deep brain stimulation
• Psychosurgery
• Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC)
• Aerobic Exercise (30 minutes/day, at least 3
times/week)
• Adequate sleep (at least 7-8 hours/night)
• Light exposure (30 minutes each morning)
• Social connection (at least 2 meaningful social
engagements/week)
• Anti-rumination (identifying and redirecting
negative thoughts
• Nutritional supplements (fish oil supplements
with omega-3 fatty acids)