ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

 Deals with care and breeding of livestock that are useful to human being.

 New technology must be applied to achieve quality and quality.

Dairy farm management

 Selection of good breeds  Provided proper shelter  Scientific way of feeding i.e. quality and quantity of fodder.

 Sufficient quantity of water  Maintenance of disease –free  Stringent cleanliness and hygiene

Poultry farm management

 Selection of disease free and suitable breeds  Proper feeds and water  Proper and safe farm conditions  Hygiene and health care

Bee keeping or Apiculture

 Knowledge of nature and habits of bee  Selection of suitable location of keeping beehives  Catching and hiving of swarms  Management of beehives during different seasons  Handling and collection of honey and beewax

Aim of animal breeding

 Increasing the quantity of yield  Improving the quality of produce

BREEDING

Breeding inbreeding Outbreeding out crossing Cross breeding Interspecific hybridisation

Inbreeding

   Superior males and females of same breed are identified and mated Superior males and females of progeny are identified for further mating Increases homozygousity Pure line can be developed    Exposes harmful recessive alleles, which is eliminated by selection.

Accumulate superior genes Causes breeding depression

Out breeding

 Breeding of unrelated animals either of the same breed or different breeds or different species.

 Types of outbreeding- (a) outcrossing (b) cross breeding (c) Interspecific hybridisation

Outcrossing

 Animals of same breed are mated having no common ancestor on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generation.

 Overcomes inbreeding depression

Cross-breeding

 Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed of same species.

 Desirable qualities of two different breeds are combined.

Interspecific hybridisation

 Male and female animals of two different species are crossed.

 Combine the desirable features of both parents  E.g. mule by a cross between a male donkey and female horse

Artificial insemination

 Semen can be stored or frozen and used later  Easy for transportation to distant place  Semen from one bull can impregnate a number of females

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer

 Cow is administered FSH to induce super ovulation, production of 6-8 ova per cycle.

 Mating of the same cow with selected bull or artificially inseminated  Fertilised eggs at 8- 32 stage are recovered  Transfer of fertilised eggs to surrogate mother

Traits that breeder try to incorporate in crop plant  High yield  Better quality of produce  Increased tolerance to environmental stress  Resistance to pathogen  Increased tolerance to insect pests

Steps in plant breeding

 Germplasm collection  Evaluation and selection of parents  Cross breeding of selected parents  Selection and testing of superior recombinants  Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars

Crop varieties with increased nutritional quality  Lysine and tryptophan rich maize  High protein rich wheat  Iron fortified rice  Vitamin C rich bitter gourd, tomato. mustard, bathua  Iron and calcium rich spinach and bathua  Vitamin A rich carrots, spinach and pumpkin

Single cell protein

 Microbes are grown on an industrial scale and used as nutrient rich food. E.g. Spirulina.

 Advantages:  SCPs are rich in proteins and low in fats.

  They can be easily grown on cheaper materials like wastewater, animal manure, molasses etc. The use of waste water reduces pollution.’  They act as the supply of fertilizers, pesticides etc.

Tissue culture

     Technique of regeneration of whole plant from any part of the plant by growing it on suitable culture medium under aseptic conditions in vitro. Advantages: A number of plants can be grown in a short period of time.

Healthy, disease free plant can be grown by meristem culture.

Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture, where sexual hybridization is not possible.

Somatic hybridisation

 Process of fusion of protoplasts of somatic cells of two different varieties or species  Steps- (a)isolation of protoplasts  (b)fusion of protoplasts  (c))growth of fused protoplasts to form somatic hybrid  E.g. pomato

"Never worry about numbers. Help one person at a time, and always start with the person nearest you."

- Mother Teresa