Transcript Syntax Notes!! Syntax= Sentence structure (for paragraphs too)

Syntax
Sentence structure
(for paragraphs too)
5 types of sentences:
1. Declarative- makes statements
2. Imperative- makes commands. Sometimes
contains the understood (you). Ex. Make the
bed.
3. Exclamatory- communicates strong emotion or
surprise
4. Interrogative- Asks questions
5. Conditional- Expresses wishes (if… then)
If we legalize drugs, there will be more crime,
child abuse, etc.
Loose
Expresses the main thought near the
beginning and is followed by
explanatory material
"Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into
flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear
the news" (From the English Reviewer).
Periodic
Postpones the most crucial
point until the end
(often build suspense or adds surprise)
"Years and years ago, when I was a boy, when there were wolves in Wales, and
birds the color of red-flannel petticoats whisked past the harp-shaped hills, when
we sang and wallowed all night and day in caves that smelt like Sunday
afternoons in damp front farmhouse parlors, and we chased, with the jawbones
of deacons, the English and the bears, before the motor car, before the wheel,
before the duchess-faced horse, when we rode the daft and happy hills
bareback, it snowed and it snowed" (Dylan Thomas, A Child's Christmas in
Wales).
Interrupted
Structure in which subordinate elements
come in the middle and are often set off
by dashes
The teacher—what could she have been
thinking—gave all the students Pixie
Stix and Fiery Hot Cheetos.
Parallel
(noun- parallelism)
When there is a series of coordinated elements,
all which have the same form and
grammatical function
The next eight slides are all
types of parallel structure
Isocolon
When parallel elements are similar not
only in structure but also in length,
sometimes even to the same number of
words or even syllables
“Pity is the feeling which arrests the mind in the presence of
whatsoever is grave and constant in human sufferings and
unites it with the sufferer. Terror is the feeling which arrests the
mind in the presence of whatsoever is grave and constant in
human sufferings and unites it with the secret cause" (James
Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man).
Balanced
One in which two parallel elements are
set off against each other like equal
weights on a scale.
"But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground." "....—that
government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth (Lincoln, The Gettysburg
Address).
Antithesis
Balanced parallelism that sets up an
opposition of ideas.
It seemed both to take too long and end too soon.
Anaphora
uh-naf-er-uh
A type of parallelism that uses the same
word or phrase at the beginning of
several successive clauses
“Let us march to the realization of the
American dream. Let us march on
segregated housing. Let us march
on segregated schools” (Martin Luther King).
Epistrophe
ih-pis-truh-fee
Same device as anaphora, but in reverse,
as the repetition comes at the end of
successive phrases, clauses or
sentences.
“Because he is hiding in the woods, he cannot refuse
zucchini squash. He is the valley’s sole outlet for
zucchini squash” (Dillard).
Epanalepsis
ep-uh-nuh-lep-sis
Repetition at the end of a clause or sentence of
the word or phrase with which it began: a
combination of anaphora and epistrophe
"Always Low Prices. Always"
(Walmart slogan).
Asyndeton- deliberate omission of conjunctions
uh-sin-di-ton
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Polysyndeton- deliberate insertion of extra
pol-ee-sin-di-ton
conjunctions
He drove, and drove, and drove, and ate, and drove some more.
Anadiplosis
an-uh-di-ploh-sis
Repetition of the last word of one line or
clause to begin the next.
"Fear is the path to the dark side. Fear leads to anger.
Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering. I sense
much fear in you” (Yoda, Star Wars).
Hypophora
hy-phoh-ora
a strategy in which a speaker raises a
question and then
immediately answers it.
“What were the coach and trainer thinking of not to
insist that each youngster be examined while
undergoing physical stress? Apparently they were not
thinking about our boys at all.”