Transcript Activity & reactivity - BECS / CoE in Computational

Activity
&
reactivity
Reactivity
Activity
2.Result
1
1
“Mechanical” determination Reactivity
“Teleological” determination Activity
M. Bunge
Reactivity
Activity
2.Result
1
In the framework of reactivity
paradigm individual's behavior
is a reaction to stimulus.
stimulus This
reaction is based on the
propagation of excitation
along the reflex arc:
arc from
receptors
through
central
structures to effector organs.
1
Human and Rock
Regularities
Not only living
explaining the
organisms react to
behavior of a stone
an external
are quite sufficient
influence, but nonto explain human
behavior. The role of living matter as
such general law was well.
V.M.Behterev Objective psychology, Moscow,
played by the
Science Press, 1991, 21
connection between
stimulus and
reaction.
Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of purpose
and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol. Rev. 1928, 35,
417.
Reactivity
Activity
2.Result
In the framework of activity paradigm
individual's behavior is a goaldirected action . The principal
determinant of a behavior is an event
which is not in the past with respect
to behaviour, that is, a stimulus, but
which occurs in the future, a result,
result
which is understood as a desired
relation between an organism and
environment.
1
1
N.A. Bernstein
1896 - 1966
Essays on the physiology of movements and physiology of activity,
1966, Moscow: Meditsina
In the framework
of two different
concepts, the
same set of
data poses as
different facts.
1891 - 1976
Personal Knowledge: Towards a PostCritical Philosophy, 1958. London,
Routledge
Thus an idea occurred
to me that basically
everything in the
world is subjective
– and no exceptions.
What a blow it was!
Max Born
1882-1970
My life and my views, 1968. New York,
Scribner.
While collecting facts
requires precise accurate
experimental work,
systematization of facts
appears successful only
when one can feel rather
then analyze an event.
Heisenberg Werner
1901-1976
ACTIVITY = motivational reflex
TIME!
NOT LOCATION
Time Paradox
In explaining the existence or properties of
an object by appeal to a future goal or a
function that is only later realized,
teleological explanations seem to get the
temporal order wrong: they explain the
present by appeal to the future.
HISTORY
I.P. Pavlov
1849 - 1936
•Aristotle explained a variety of
physical and biological
phenomena by appeal to final
causes.
•The final cause explains ‘that
for the sake of which’
something is the case by
supplying a function or goal,
also called a teleological or
functional explanation.
• Today we continue to
invoke final causes in a
variety of contexts.
Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
“Men do not think they know
a thing till they have grasped
the ‘why’ of it (which is to
grasp its primary cause).”
T. Lombrozo, Carey S. Functional explanation and
Aristotle (Physics,
the function of explanation. Cognition, 2005, p.2
II.3.194B17)
•As critics such as Galileo, Bacon
and Descartes were well aware—
final causality does not appear in
Aristotle’s natural philosophy as a
module that can be detached and
discarded without harm to the rest. It
is, rather—and rather more so than
is generally understood—the key to
a network of concepts that stands or
falls as a whole.
•The early modern rejection of final
causality, accordingly, was the
rejection of this whole network.
Mirus C. V. ARISTOTLE’S TELEOLOGY AND
MODERN MECHANICS. A Dissertation, Notre
Dame, Indiana, 2004.
Aristotel (384-322 years BC)
N. Bohr
1885 - 1962
Renaissance
REACTIVITY vs
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY IS THE ONLY TRUE REALITY
Novalis (1772-1801) - PSEUDONYM FOR German Romantic poet
FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, BARON VON HARDENBERG, 1926, 403
Cited by B.M. Velichkovsky, Memory, 2005, 405
• Now we witness the new phase of
science shifting from “stimulusbased” to “teleological” and
“holistic” determinism, to
establishing of systemic views and to
emphasis on activity.
• This tendency hasn’t yet become the
mainstream of science development,
but it receives the growing support
from leading researchers.
Human and Rock
Regularities
Not only living
explaining the
organisms react to
behavior of a stone
an external
are quite sufficient
influence, but nonto explain human
behavior. The role of living matter as
such general law was well.
V.M.Behterev Objective psychology, Moscow,
played by the
Science Press, 1991, 21
connection between
stimulus and
reaction.
Z.Y. Kuo The fundamental error of the concept of purpose
and the trial and error fallacy. Psychol. Rev. 1928, 35,
417.
Rock and Human
“Movements
of physical bodies, such as
rocks, are explained by external
forces. Such external factors are referred to as “causes”.
By contrast, many human movements are distinguished from
the movements of rocks by having explanations in terms of
not just causes but “reasons”. We describe
human movements as “actions”
directed towards a goal for a purpose.”
(pg. 33)
Schall J.D. Neural basis of deciding, choosing and acting.
Nature Rev. Neurosci., 2001, 2, 33-42.
Anticipatory Systems:
Reinvention
Robert Rosen [http://www.anticipation.info/]
• Without exception (in my experience), all models and
theories of biological systems are reactive
• An anticipatory system is a system whose current state is
determined by a future state. “The cause lies in the
future”
• An anticipatory system is a system containing a predictive
model of itself and/or of its environment that allows it to
change state at an instant in accord with the model’s
predictions pertaining to a later instant
• The “reactive paradigm”, as we may call it, was grossly
deficient in dealing with systems of this kind
• Any system behavior can be simulated by a purely
reactive system. We can only speak of simulation, and not
of explanation, of our system’s behavior in these terms
DYNAMIC PREDICTIONS:
OSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY IN
TOP–DOWN PROCESSING
A. K. Engel, P. Fries, W. Singer
NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE, 2001, V.2.
Many aspects of cognition
and behaviour are not
stimulus driven in a
reflex-like manner, but
are to a large degree
based on expectations.
This anticipatory nature
of neural activity patterns
is attracting increasing
interest in systems
neuroscience.
Daniel C. Dennett
Cartesian paradigm
“nobody espouses but almost
everybody tends to think in terms of”
[1993, pg. 144]
DYNAMIC PREDICTIONS:
OSCILLATIONS AND SYNCHRONY IN
TOP–DOWN PROCESSING
A. K. Engel, P. Fries, W. Singer
NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE, 2001, V.2.
Many aspects (!) of
cognition and behaviour
are not stimulus driven
in a reflex-like manner,
but are to a large degree
based on expectations.
This anticipatory nature
of neural activity patterns
is attracting increasing
interest in systems
neuroscience.
•It is the commonly held belief that animals in general and insects in
particular are but input/output machines: if one only knew all their
sensory input, one could predict the behavioral output they would
produce.
•This basic tenet not only guides basic neurobiological research but
has been the foundation for a great many robotic applications.
•Our results contradict this view.
Order in Spontaneous Behavior
Björn Brembs, Alexander Maye and Uwe
Greggers
Presented at the 2005 Neuroscience
meeting in Washington, DC.
Order in Spontaneous Behavior
Björn Brembs, Alexander Maye and Uwe
Greggers
Presented at the 2005 Neuroscience meeting in
Washington, DC.
Stimulus  Reaction
Today
A fundamental issue in
neurobiology is how
sensory stimuli guide motor
behavior
Ranulfo Romo & Emilio Salinas.
Sensing and deciding in the somatosensory system//
Current Opinion in Neurobilogy
1999, 9: 487-493
Eclectism
“Phylogenetic” eclecticism
“Ontogenetic” eclecticism
“Level”
eclecticism
“Anatomical” eclecticism
• eclecticism [from Gr. eklektikos=to choose], the
selection of elements from different systems of
thought, without regard to possible contradictions
between the systems
“Phylogenetic” and “Ontogenetic”
eclecticism
Unlike primitive organisms,
humans are active, rather
than reactive, beings.
E. Goldberg. The executive brain. Frontal lobes and the civilized mind.
Oxfrod Univ. Press. 2001, p.124
Through evolution and during the course of
ontogeny, there is transition from reflexive,
involuntary behaviors to voluntary and
purposeful behaviors…
Carolyn A Ristau. In: Evolution of social behavior and integrative levels,
1988.
Eclectism
“Phylogenetic” eclecticism
“Ontogenetic” eclecticism
“Level”
eclecticism
“Anatomical” eclecticism
• eclecticism [from Gr. eklektikos=to choose], the
selection of elements from different systems of
thought, without regard to possible contradictions
between the systems