Transcript How Things Work Presentation

Demystifying
Physics
Lou Bloomfield
University of Virginia
Ithaca, New York
October 29, 2005
1
What is How Things Work?

It’s Physics in the Context of Objects






It puts objects before physics concepts
It puts physics concepts before formulas
It’s “backwards”
It’s the “Case Study” Method
It’s how Scientists actually Discover Science
It’s what Makes Science Fun
2
Overview of this Presentation


Motivation for How Things Work
Structure of How Things Work



Choosing the Objects
Some Illustrations:




An Example: Music Boxes
Roller Coasters
Bicycles


Clocks
Microwave Ovens
Assignments and Assessment
Observations about How Things Work
3
Why How Things Work?


“Oh, I’m a physicist” … (end of conversation)
Conventional physics outreach is often:





magic & mysteries (no explanation).
factoids (what, where, when, but never why or how).
names (memorization of random information).
recipes (mindless plugging and chugging).
formalized “scientific method” (canned experiments).
4
Why How Things Work? (con’t)

In contrast, How Things Work






grows naturally from the everyday world.
explains rather than obscures.
emphasizes thought and understanding.
builds confidence rather than destroying it.
is useful in everyday life.
The audience for How Things Work is


anyone who is curious about the world around them.
absolutely enormous and largely untapped.
5
Structure of How Things Work

A hierarchy with three levels



Level 1: Areas of Physics – for instructor
Level 2: Objects of Everyday Life – for students
Level 3: Concepts of Physics – for both
7. Heat and Phase Transitions
7.1 Woodstoves
(thermal energy, heat, temperature, chemical bonds and reactions,
conduction, thermal conductivity, convection, radiation, heat capacity)
7.2 Water, Steam, and Ice
(phases of matter, phase transitions, melting, freezing, condensation,
evaporation, boiling, relative humidity, latent heats of melting and vaporization)
7.3 Incandescent Lightbulbs
(electromagnetic spectrum, light, black body spectrum, emissivity,
Stefan-Boltzmann law, thermal expansion)
6
Example: Music Boxes

Introduces New Concepts
9. Resonance and Mechanical Waves
9.1 Music Boxes
(natural resonance, harmonic oscillators, simple harmonic motion, frequency,
pitch, sound, music, harmonic and non-harmonic overtones, sympathetic
vibration, standing and traveling waves, transverse and longitudinal waves,
velocity, frequency, and wavelength in mechanical waves, superposition)

Reinforces Old Concepts



Energy and Work (Chapter 1)
Springs and Stable Equilibria
Aerodynamics (Chapter 6)
(Chapter 3)
7
Questions about Music Boxes







What are vibration, pitch, sound, and music?
Why does a tine vibrate?
Why do different tines have different pitches?
Why is a tine’s pitch independent of its volume?
How does sound from the music box reach us?
How does the music box produce sound?
Why does a music box sound like a music box?
These why and how questions are full of physics!
8
Choosing the Objects



Set the physics agenda first, then choose the objects
A typical object has one central physics issue
Play up that central issue whenever possible

Caveats (learned from painful experience)
 Some objects present physics better than others
 Some objects aren’t of general interest
 Less is more; you can’t do everything

HTW’s Table of Contents follows this approach
9
How Things Work
Table of Contents (Part 1)
Chapter 1. The Laws of Motion, Part I
1.1 Skating
1.2 Falling Balls
1.3 Ramps
Chapter 2. The Laws of Motion, Part II
2.1 Seesaws
2.2 Wheels
2.3 Bumper Cars
Chapter 3. Mechanical Objects, Part I
3.1 Spring Scales
3.2 Bouncing Balls
3.3 Carousels and Roller Coasters
Chapter 4. Mechanical Objects, Part II
4.1 Bicycles
4.2 Rockets and Space Travel
Chapter 5. Fluids
Chapter 6. Fluids and Motion
6.1 Garden Watering
6.2 Balls and Air
6.3 Airplanes
Chapter 7. Heat & Phase Transitions
7.1 Woodstoves
7.2 Water, Steam, and Ice
7.3 Incandescent Lightbulbs
Chapter 8. Thermodynamics
8.1 Air Conditioners
8.2 Automobiles
Chapter 9. Resonance &
Mechanical Waves
9.1 Clocks
9.2 Musical Instruments
9.3 The Sea
5.1 Balloons
5.2 Water Distribution
10
How Things Work
Table of Contents (Part 2)
Chapter 10. Electricity
10.1 Static Electricity
10.2 Xerographic Copiers
10.3 Flashlights
Chapter 11. Magnetism &
Electrodynamics
11.1 Household Magnets
11.2 Electric Power Distribution
11.3 Electric Generators and Motors
Chapter 12. Electronics
12.1 Power Adapters
12.2 Audio Players
Chapter 14. Light
14.1 Sunlight
14.2 Discharge Lamps
14.3 Lasers and LEDs
Chapter 15. Optics
15.1 Cameras
15.2 Optical Recording and
Communication
Chapter 16. Modern Physics
16.1 Nuclear Weapons
16.2 Medical Imaging and Radiation
Chapter 13. Electromagnetic Waves
13.1 Radio
13.2 Microwave Ovens
11
Goals for How Things Work

How Things Work should help students:







begin to see science in everyday life
learn that science isn’t frightening
learn to think logically in order to solve problems
develop and expand their physical intuition
learn how things work
see the universe as predictable rather than magical
see the history of science and technology
12
How Things Work is a
Flexible Concept

While the objects provide a common ground,



To be successful with HTW, an instructor should



different instructors teach differently
different students learn and think differently
employ any of the best classroom techniques
respect the students and listen to them
HTW sets the stage for exceptional productivity
13
Roller Coasters


How do loop-the-loops work?
Physics concepts involved:




Inertia
Acceleration and forces
Centripetal accelerations
Weight and
“weightlessness”
14
Bicycles


Why are bicycles so stable?
Physics concepts involved:






Equilibrium
Energy and acceleration
Stable and unstable
equilibriums
Static stability
Gyroscopic precession
Dynamic stability
15
Clocks


How do clocks keep time?
Physics concepts involved:



Time and Space
Forces and Acceleration
Harmonic Oscillators
16
Microwave Ovens


How do microwave ovens cook?
Physics concepts involved:





Electric fields
Polar molecules and free charges
Electrostatic forces and torques
Electromagnetic waves
Wavelength and frequency
17
Demonstrations and Laboratories

Demonstrations are key in a HTW course



Demonstrations are best when they are familiar



They connect real objects and physics concepts
They help students apply and generalize concepts
Use the object under discussion
Use objects similar to those under discussion
Laboratories are Do-It-Yourself Demonstrations


The students themselves examine the objects
They use the objects, build them, disassemble them
18
Homework Exercises



Focus on concepts, familiarity, relevance
Ideal exercises make students think hard about
familiar objects to understand their physics
For example: (last exercise of a sequence)

Why does gum thrown out the front window of a car
often fly back in the rear window?
19
Research Papers


Students explain the physics of their own object
Requires the student to






identify physics issues in a new situation
apply physics concepts to that situation
use the language of science meaningfully
develop a logical discussion of physics in context
understand how their object works
Done well, it’s the capstone project for HTW
20
Exams

Questions





are primarily conceptual
are based on familiar, relevant observations
require understanding and thought to answer
are multiple choice or short answer
resemble those in the Force Concept Inventory
21
Philosophy of How Things Work


It’s an outreach course, not a recruiting course
It aims to inform bright, eager non-scientists





who don’t know what physics is
who don’t know why physics matters
who respond to relevance, value, and respect
How Things Work is about them, not about us
If you build it, they will come
22
Observations about
How Things Work

The impact of How Things Work





Many non-science students are now learning physics
These students find physics useful
There is less fear of physics – a cultural change
Physics has become a valued part of the curriculum
Other physics courses are flourishing
23
Observations about
How Things Work (con’t)

My own experiences




I’m enjoying teaching more than ever
I feel as though I make a difference
I get to explain physics widely
I’ve learned a great deal of science
24
The End
25