Transcript Science- Chapters 10-18

Science- Chapters 10-18
Nicole Vesely
Science 1790-1850 (Ch. 10-12)

1794 Philip Vaughan invents one of the modern world’s most
essential components- the humble but powerful ball bearing
–


His invention reduces friction between moving parts, and helps to
support loads smoothly
1798 Edward Jenner’s deadly experiment destroys the scourge
of smallpox
1798 Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on
geometric ratio, outstripping food supplies
–
His population predictions are correct but British contributions to
agricultural science will keep food supplies steadily expanding
1790-1850

1798-1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discovers heat is a
form of motion; invents a kitchen range and a drip coffeepot;
and founds the royal institution
–

Thompson brings Watt’s steam Engine into common use and
invents a prototype of the convection stove, and the drip
coffeepot, and increases the amount of radiant heat thrown by a
fireplace
1800-1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets of laughing gas,
alkali metals, and electricity
–
Davy becomes the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for
inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigates the
properties of laughing gas by experimenting on himself
1790-1850

1802 Thomas Young discovers waves of light
–
–

Young’s famous experiment proves that light moves in
waves
He splits a source of 2 light beams, then recombines them
and sees a pattern of light and dark fringes created because
the waves and troughs of the 2 beams are not in phase
1802 James Hutton establishes science of Geology
with revolutionary ideas
–
Hutton Single-handedly created the science of geology by
theorizing that the process of erosion was countered by the
Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth,
and that these processes required vast amounts of energy
and time
1790-1850

1802-1803 Luke Howard names the clouds, and
deciphers their clues to predict the weather
–

Howard suggests in a published paper that there is a cause
and effect relationship operating in the atmosphere that
produces clouds, and that we can make weather predictions
by studying them
1805-1806 Storm survivor Francis Beaufort invents
wind force scale
–
The Beaufort Wind Scale tells sailors what signs to look for
on the surface of the water and in the air on a scale of 0
(dead calm) to 12 (a hurricane) and how to cope
1790-1850

1807 Geological Society founded over dinner
–
–

1808 Moving from weather to the heart of the atom, John
Dalton helps to jump start chemistry
–

The Geological society celebrated its bicentennial in Burlington
House
It has a great library of geoscientific information, and exists to
promote the geoscientists and to provide professional support to
over 9,000 members
Dalton experiments, and confirms the ancient idea that all matter
including air, is made up of atoms
1810 Henry Maudslay, “Father of Machine-Tools” Hits his stride
–
Transformed industry by inventing the screw-cutting lathes
capable of turning out accurate, standard threads on screws
1790-1850

1811-1830 Charles Bell explains the nervous system
–


Bell shows that nerves consist of separate fibers in a
common sheath
1815 William Smith goes from rocks to ruin and back
again
1816 Francis Ronalds invents the Telegraph
–
–
–
He is fascinated by electricity, and in 1816, in his back
garden at Hammersmith, he builds the first electrostatic
telegraph, sending messages along wires
The wire is charged using a friction machine
At each end, clockwork dials indicate the letter or figure
being transmitted
1790-1850

1816-1819 John McAdam builds modern Macadam roads
–

1823 Thomas Wakely publishes lancet to advance medical
knowledge and reform
–

He recommends that roads be raised above adjacent ground to
create good drainage and covered first with rocks and then with
smaller stones
He founds one of the world’s oldest peer-reviewed medical
journals, naming after the surgical instrument called a lancet
1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat
–
He is trying to find uses for the waste products of gasworks when
he hits on painting woolcloth with rubber to produce the first
waterproof watercoat
1790-1850


1820s-1840s Michale Faraday establishes
electromagnetic laws and invents the electric motor
and power generator
1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower
–

Budding proceeds to invent the reel grass mowerecologically sound, capable pf mowing grass to look like
strips of moiré silk, and possessing a lovely whirring sound
redolent of summer
1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “Consuming Passion”
produces a calculator and an early computer; Lady
Ada Lovelace writes the first computer program
1790-1850




1835 William Talbot invents modern, predigital photography
1842- 1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation
breakthroughs eradicate disease
1845 John Couch Adams predicts the
existence and position of Neptune
1848 Parliament legislates for clean water
5 Terms to Know





Voltaic Cells- early forms of electric batteries researched by
Benjamin Thompson and Henry Cavendish
Dry Fogs- a long-lasting acid aerosol cloud moved around the
globe for three years after the eruptions in Iceland in 1783
Geological Society- in the winter of 1807, thirteen like-minded
souls in London got together at the Freemasons Tavern at
Long Acre, in Convent Garden, to form a dining club
Locomotive- a steam engine that pulls loads, improved by
George Stephenson in 1813
Reel grass mower- ecologically sound, capable of mowing
grass to look like strips of moiré silk, and possessing a
whirring sound, invented by Edwin Budding
Historical People- Humphrey Davy









Davy was an exuberant buy who liked to sketch, write poems, collect minerals, and make
fireworks.
He liked to experiment and became the superintendent of the Pneumatic Institution for
inhalation gas therapy at the age of 20, where he investigated the properties of laughing
gas by experimenting on himself.
Davy discovered it could be used as an anesthetic.
He researches into oxides and acids, and isolates and identifies sodium, potassium,
calcium, boron, magnesium, strontium, and barium.
He made the discovery that electricity can be produced by chemical activity and that
electrolysis, the interaction of the electric currents with chemical compounds, can break a
chemical compound into its component parts.
In 1800 he invents the first electric light by connecting wires to his battery and a piece of
carbon: The carbon glows, producing light.
He also invents a safety ‘lamp’ for deep-seam mining called the Davy lamp, and a safety
helmet.
Miners need light to work, but candle flames in the gas-filled mines are a terrible hazard.
Based on his understanding that gas must be heated to its ignition point before it explodes,
Davy surrounds the flame in his lamp with a metal gauze, which distributes, and reduces
the heat.
Historical People- James Hutton




Hutton was born in 1726, drifted into medicine, and out of it, turned to farming
and drifted out of it, and moved to Edinburgh where he found his métier
producing sal ammoniac and eating dinner at the Oyster Club with “the
economist Adam Smith, the chemist Joseph Black and the philosopher David
Hume, as well as such occasional visiting sparks as Benjamin Franklin and
James Watt”.
Becoming interested in questions about the age of the Earth, and staring with
renewed interest at the rocks on his old farm, Hutton single-handedly created
the science of geology by theorizing that the process of erosion was countered
by the Earth’s renewal and uplift, created by heat within the Earth, and that
these processes required vast amounts of energy and time.
His ideas were revolutionary, and not completely understood for 200 years.
They were published in 1795 and republished in less opaque prose in 1802.
Multiple Choice
1) In 1798, Thomas Malthus posits population growth increases on
geometric ratio, which he believes will lead to
A. Plague
B. Limited water supplies
C. Minor Sickness
D. Outstripping food supplies
2) 1799 Peripatetic Benjamin Thompson discovers
A. Heat is a form of motion
B. The 3 states of Matter
C. The Atom
D. Subatomic particles
Multiple Choice
3) 1820s Humphrey Davy unlocks secrets of
A. Surgery tools
B. Laughing gas
C. medical supplies
D. latchets
4) 1802 Thomas Young discovers
A. Waves of sound
B. Waves of light
C. Waves of energy
D. Types of energy
Multiple Choice
5) 1803 Luke Howard names
A. Types of storms
B. Types of tornadoes
C. Types of plants
D. Clouds and uses them to predict weather
6) 1810 Henry Maudslay was known as
A. The Father of Machine-tools
B. The Father of Medicine
C. The Father of Energy
D. The Father of Modern Science
Multiple Choice
7) 1830 Charles Bell explains the
A. Nervous system
B. Cardiovascular System
C. Respiratory System
D. Endocrine System
8) 1816 Francis Ronalds invents
A. The telephone
B. The typewriter
C. The telegraph
D. The refrigerator
Multiple Choice
9) 1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first
A. Umbrella
B. Rain boots
C. Raincoat
D. Scissors
10) 1831 Edwin Budding invents the first
A. Weed-whacker
B. Lawnmower
C. The light bulb
D. The axe
Answer Key
1) D
2) A
3) B
4) B
5) D
6) A
7) A
8) C
9) C
10) B
Reference
Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from
http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777.html
Science 1820-1850 (Ch. 13-15)





The invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum
products during the 19th century led to a 2nd industrial
revolution (1865-1900), that featured the growth of railways and
steamships, faster and wider means of communication.
The 19th century was the age of machine tools- tools that made
tools- machines that made parts for other machines, including
interchangeable parts.
The assembly line was invented during the 19th century,
speeding up the factory production of consumer goods.
The 19th century gave birth to the professional scientist, the
word scientist was first used in 1833 by William Whewell.
Inventors began to design practical internal combustion
engines.
1820-1850


The light bulb, telephone, typewriter, sewing machine, all came
during the 19th century.
The Canal Age occurred in the United States from 1790-1855
–
–
–
–
Industrialization wouldn’t have been possible without quick,
inexpensive transportation.
Mountains forests, swamps had hampered the development of the
Northwest Territory, and the lands of the Louisiana Purchase.
The opening of the Erie Canal in 1826 bridged the Appalachians,
opening the Great Lakes to trade.
Wooden Canal boats worked hard, withstood tremendous abuse,
and rotted quickly after abandonment..
1820-1850

Steam Engine
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
The Steam Engine could be considered the single most important invention
of the entire industrial revolution.
The dawn of the 19th century brought about the industrial revolution.
Steam locomotives and steam paddle boats began to appear everywhere
In 1807, Robert Fulton introduced the first steamship to provide regular
passenger service to the people of America
He named it the “Clemont” which made a 150 mile trip from New York City
to Albany in 32 hours at an average speed of 5 miles per hour
By 1825, steam locomotives were no longer just used for transporting
goods.
Passenger Locomotives were rapidly growing due to the increase in
commuter traffic in large cities
1820-1850











1819 Samuel Fahnestock patents a soda fountain
1819 Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
1823 Thomas Wakely publishes Lancet to advance medical knowledge and
reform
1824 Michael Faraday invents the 1st balloon
1825 George Stephenson invents the railroad locomotive and train travel; his
son Robert and nephew George build railroad bridges
1823 Charles Macintosh invents the first raincoat
1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet
1826 Thomas Telford helps to perfect the suspension bridge
1827 John Walker invents modern matches
1827 Charles Wheatstone was the 1st person to coin the phrase microphone
1820s-1840s Michael Faraday establishes electromagnetic laws and invents
the electric motor and power generator
1820-1850










1824 Joseph Aspdin invents Portland cement
1828 George Green’s mathematical theories lay groundwork for
modern industry
1829 American William Austin Burt invents a typewriter
1831 Edwin Budding invents the first lawnmower
1831 Cyrus McCormick invents the 1st commercially successful reaper
1831 Michael Faraday invents an electric dynamo
1831 William Bickford invents the safety fuse
1802-1830s Francis Baily improves financial markets and star
catalogues and discovers Baily’s beads
1832 Charles Wheatstone invented the first patented stereoscope
1832-1854 Charles Babbage’s “consuming passion” produces a
calculator and an early computer; Lady Ada Lovelace writes the first
computer program
1820-1850














1832-1860s Hodgkin, Bright, and Addison Advance Medical Science
1834 Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S.
patent
1834 Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator type device- an ether ice machine
1835 William Talbot invents modern, pre-digital photography
1835 Solymon Merrick patents the wrench
1835 Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller
1836 Samuel Colt invented the first revolver
1837 Wheatstone and Cooke invent first viable electric telegraph
1831-1840 Rowland Hill’s counter-intuitive thinking transforms mail service
1830s-1859 Isambard Kingdom Brunel builds tunnels, bridges, railroads, and the first
screw-propelled transatlantic steamer
1838 Samual Morse invents Morse Code
1839-1846 William Grove invents forerunner of fuel cell
1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales
1839 Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization
1820-1850










1840 John Herschel invents the blueprint
1841 Thomas Carlye founds London Library
1841 Samuel Slocum patents the stapler
1842-1850s Edwin Chadwick’s sanitation breakthroughs eradicate
disease
1842 Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator
1843 James Joule Discovers the nature of energy and Joule’s law
1843 Alexander Bain invents the facsimile
1844 John Mercer invents mercerized cotton
1845 Elias Howe invents a sewing machine
1845 Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanized rubber
pneumatic tire
1820-1850













1845 John Couch Adams predicts the exsistence and position of Neptune
1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth
extraction
1847 James Simpson Discovers Anesthesia that works
1847 Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics
1848 Waldo Henchett patents the dental chair
1840s-1860s William Jackson Hooker expands the great royal botanic research garden,
Kew
1848 Parliament legislates for clean water
1848-1900s William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) develops temperature scale; helps to establish
modern physics; defies danger to lay telegraph
1849 Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents bicycle
1849 Walter Hunt invents the safety pin
1850 Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for a dishwasher
1851 crystal palace dazzles
1854 George Boole establishes the modern symbolic logic basic to the design of digital
computers
5 Terms to Know





Suspension Bridge- a type of bridge where the deck is hung
below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.
Portland cement- is the most common type of cement used
around the world because of its basic ingredients which
include concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout
Typewriter- a mechanical device with keys that when pressed,
cause ink to be printed on paper.
Reaper- a horse drawn machine to harvest wheat
Electric Dynamo- the first electrical generator capable of
delivering power for industry
Historical People- Cyrus McCormick







Cyrus McCormick of Virginia was responsible for liberating farm workers from
hours of back-breaking labor by introducing the farmers to his newly invented
mechanical reaper in July 1831.
By 1847, Cyrus McCormick began the mass manufacture of his reaper in a
Chicagp factory.
The invention of 2 successful reaping machines brought about an end to
tedious handiwork and encouraged the invention and manufacture of other
labor saving farm implements and machinery.
The first reapers cut the standing grain and, with a revolving reel, swept it onto
a platform from which it was raked off into piles by a man walking alongside.
It could harvest more grain than five men using the earlier cradles.
The next innovation, patented in 1858, was a self-raking reaper with an endless
canvas belt that delivered the cut grain to 2 men who riding on the edge of the
platform, bundled it.
Cyrus McCormick had moved to Chicago, built a reaper factory, and founded
what eventually became the International Harvester Company.
Historical People- Henry Blair






Henry Blair was the only inventor to be identified in the Patent
Office records as “a colored man.”
Blair was born in Montgomery County, Maryland around 1807.
He received a patent on October 14, 1834 for a seed planter
and a patent in 1836 for a cotton planter.
Henry was the second black inventor to receive a patent the
first was Thomas Jennings who received a patent in 1821 for a
dry cleaning process.
Henry Blair signed his patents with an “x” because he couldn’t
write.
Henry Blair died in 1860.
Multiple Choice
1) In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the
a. Sewing machine
b. Electromagnet
c. Lawn mower
d. Typewriter
2) In 1827 John Walker invents
a. Safety Fuse
b. Electromagnet
c. Lighter Fluid
d. Modern matches
Multiple Choice
3) In 1829 American William Austin Burt invents a
a. Typewriter
b. Postage stamps
c. Reaper
d. Plow
4) In 1831 William Bickford invents the
a. Revolver
b. Safety fuse
c. Calculator
d. Modern matches
Multiple Choice
5) In 1835 William Talbot invents
a. Lancet
b. Machete
c. Modern, pre-digital photography
d. Lateen Sail
6) In 1836 Samuel Colt invented the first
a. Revolver
b. Duct tape
c. Light bulb
d. Microphone
Multiple Choice
7) In 1839 Thaddeus Fairbanks invents
a. Platform scales
b. Caravel Boats
c. Electromagnet
d. Stappler
8) In 1839 Charles Goodyear invents
a. Blueprint
b. Rudder
c. Rubber vulcanization
d. Cotton
Multiple Choice
9) In 1845 Elias Howe invents a
a. Scissors
b. Postage stamps
c. Mailboxes
d. Sewing machine
10) In 1846 Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentists, is the
first to use
a. Anesthesia for tooth extraction
b. Cotton gin
c. Dental Chair
d. Toothpaste
Answer Key
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. A
Refernces
Abbott, D, & Glass, C. (2008). Science timeline. Retrieved from
http://www.britsattheirbest.com/ingenious/ii_18th_century_1777
.html
Bellis, M. (2010). 19th century timeline. Retrieved from
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth_2.htm
Bolon, K. (2001, May). The steam engine. Retrieved from
http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Steam/steam.htm
Held, J. (1998, July 1). The canal age. Retrieved from
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/canal/index.html
Science 1861-1900 (Ch. 16-18)

The 1st Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was built in the 6 year period
between 1863-1869
–
–

1860s James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the
relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form
of electromagnetic radiation
–
–

The transcontinental railroad was built by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and
the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council
Bluffs, Iowa, Nebraska
The railroad linked with the existing railroad network of the Eastern US
Maxwell’s equations are a set of 4 partial differential equations that, together with the
Lorenta force law, Form the foundation of classical optics, and electric circuits
The equations have 2 major variants: microscopic & macroscopic
1860s Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel’s laws of inheritance, the basis for
genetics
–
–
Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene
separate so that each gamete receives only one copy
Law of Independent Assortment- the alleles of different genes assort independently of
one another during gamete formation
1861-1900

1860s Dmitri Mendeleev develops the periodic table
–
–
–

Arranged by elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in
columns
He left space for unknown elements and could predict their properties
based on location
Evidence to support Mendeleev’s Periodic Table- new elements matched
Mendeleev’s predictions
1876 telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
–
–
–
Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both independently designed
devices that could transmit speech electrically (the telephone)
Both men rushed their respective designs to the patent office within hours
of each other, although Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone 1st
Elisha Gray and Bell entered into a famous legal battle over the invention
of the telephone, which Bell won
1861-1900

1877 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph
–
–

1870s Ludwig Boltzmann’s statistical definition of thermodynamic
entropy
–

While improving the efficiency of the telegraph transmitter, he noted that
the tape of the machine gave off a noise resembling the spoken words
when played at a high speed
His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which to his
great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, “Mary had a
little lamb”
Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or that dynamically ordered
states are “infinitely improbable”)
1880s- development and commercial production of electric lighting
–
Electricity was first wired from power stations into homes, offices, and
factories, in big cities such as New York and London
1861-1900

1880s development and commercial production of gasoline powered
automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach
–
–

1880s 1st commercial production and sales of phonographs and
phonograph recordings
–
–

These men invented the 4-stroke engine which proved to be a trend setter
and resulted in further progress
The 4-stroke engine had 4 significant movements to create its power
Phonographs and phonograph recordings were becoming increasingly
produced and sold
The original inventor of the phonograph was Thomas Edison
1880s 1st steel frame construction “sky scrapers”
–
Steel frame skyscrapers came out in the 1880s as the some of the 1st
major buildings scontructed
1861-1900

1880s American Society of Mechanical Engineers founded February 16, 1880
New York, NY
–
–

1880s Construction begins on the Panama Canal by the French. This is the 1st
attempt to build the canal
–
–

The ASME was founded in 1880 as an educational and technical society
The goal of the ASME is to provide continuing education to mechanical engineers, the
industries they serve and society in general throught the development and
dissemination of technical information
The first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership, but was
abandoned after 21,900 workers died (mostly from disease)
The Us launched a 2nd effort incurring a further 5,600 deaths but succeeding in
opening the canal in 1914
1880s Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect
–
Photoelectric effect- electrons are emitted from matter as a consequence of their
absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as
visible or ultraviolet light
1861-1900


1880s Michelson-Morely experiment, showing that
the speed of light in invariant
1880sJames-Lange theory of emotion
–

Theory of emotion refers to a hypothesis on the origin and
nature of emotions and is one of the earliest theories of
emotion, developed independently by 2 19th century
scholars
1890s Early commercial production of automobiles
–
In the 1890s, the mass production of automobiles began
1861-1900

1896 Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity
–
–

1895 Discovery of x-rays by Wihelm Rontgen
–
–

While investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts, Becquerel
accidentally discovered radioactivity
Radioactivity- is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus losses
energy by emitting ionizing particles
Rontgen accidentally discovered an image cast from his cathode ray
generator, projected far beyond the possible range of cathode rays (now
known as an electron beam
Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to
a sudden stop at a metal plate
Swedish Scientist Svante Arrhenius and US geologist Thomas
Crowder Chamberlain independently come to the conclusion that
burning fossil fuels might cause global warming due to carbon dioxide
emissions
5 Terms to Know





Transcontinental Railroad- the railroad linked to the existing
railroad network of the eastern US
Law of Segregation- when an individual produces gametes,
the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives
only one copy
Thermodynamic entropy- the law of disorder (or dynamically
ordered states are “infinitely improbable”)
Radioactivity- the process by which an unstable atomic
nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles
Medical X rays- are produced by letting a stream of fast
electrons come to a sudden stop at a metal plate
Historical People- Alexander Graham
Bell









Bell was a physicist, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847
In 1872 he took up his residence in the United States, introducing with success
his father’s system of deaf-mute instruction.
Bell had 2 sons who died in infancy and two daughters
He was and inventor, scientist, and a professor at Boston University
His was married to Mabel Hubbard from 1877-1922
Bell was most commonly known for the invention of the telephone
He had been interested for many years in the transmission of sound by
electricity, and had devised many forms of apparatus for the purpose, but the
first public exhibition of his invention was at Philadelphia in 1876.
His invention of the "photophone," in which a vibratory beam of light is
substituted for a wire in conveying speech, has also attracted much attention,
but has never been practically used.
He died August 2, 1922 of Pernicious Anemia
Historical People- Thomas Edison






Edison was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed
many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the
phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric
light bulb.
He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and
large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with
the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093
US patents in his name.
He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass
communication and, in particular, telecommunications.
These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an
electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his early career as a
telegraph operator.
Multiple Choice
1) The Transcontinental Railroad helped improve America mainly by
a. Linking the new railroad tracks with the already existing network of
railroad tracks in the Eastern US
b. Transporting farm animals from east to west
c. Helping create new healthy & clean worksites for people of America
d. Providing separate non-linked railroads across America
2) In the 1860s Gregor Mendel’s 2 laws were
a. Law of gravity & Law of motion
b. Law of allopatric speciation & Law of sympatric speciation
c. Law of thermodynamics & law of radioactivity
d. Law of segregation & law of independent assortment
Multiple Choice
3) In the 1860s Dimitri Mendeelv’s periodic table was arranged by
a. Atomic number
b. Decreasing atomic mass
c. Elements by increasing mass in rows and similar properties in columns
d. Number of neutrons
4) What two men developed the telephone independently at the same
time?
a. Elisha Gray & Alexander Graham Bell
b. Thomas Edison & Wihelm Rontgen
c. Svante Arrhenius & Gottlieb Daimler
d. Ludwig Boltzmann & Karl Benz
Multiple Choice
5) In the 1880s, construction on the Panama Canal was begun by
the
a. English
b. French
c. Spanish
d. Chinese
6) The 1st major buildings constructed in the 1880s were
a. observatories
b. church buildings
c. steel frame skyscrapers
d. town meeting halls
Multiple Choice
7) In the 1890s there was early commercial production of
a. Telephones
b. Telegraphs
c. Phonographs
d. Automobiles
8) Thomas Edison was an American inventor best known for
a. The phonograph
b. Motion Picture Camera
c. Long lasting Practical Lightbulb
d. all of the above
Multiple Choice
9) Thomas Edison was one of the 1st inventors to apply the principles of
*Blank* and large teamwork to the process of invention
a. Fast production
b. Mass production
c. No training
d. Limited production
10) When Alexander Graham Bell 1st moved to the united states he
experienced great success with his invention of
a. Phonograph
b. His fathers system of deaf-mute instruction
c. Telegraph
d. Motion Picture Camera
Answer Key
1) a
2) d
3) c
4) a
5) b
6) c
7) d
8) d
9) b
10) b
References
Bellis, M. (2010). 19th century timeline. Retrieved from
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/Nineteenth_2.htm
Smith, C. (2003). Alexander graham bell. Retrieved from
http://www.alexandergrahambell.org/
Beals , G. (2007). Thomas edison. Retrieved from
http://www.thomasedison.com/