Transcript Science and Technology

Chapter 23:
Science and Technology
By: Olivia Zhao
Invention Timeline (1800-1860)
• 1800 – Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom; Count
Alessandro Volta invents the battery
• 1804 – Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the
first steam-powered locomotive
• 1809 – Humphry Davy invents the first electric light – the first arc lamp
• 1814 – George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive; Joseph
Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph
• 1816 - René Laënnec invents the stethoscope.
• 1818 - British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful
transfusion of human blood.
• 1829 – American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter
• 1830 – Frenchmen, Barthelemy Thimonnier invents a sewing machine
• 1831 – American, Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially
successful reaper; 1834 – Henry Blair patents a corn planter
• 1835 – Englishmen, Henry Talbot invents calotype photography;
Englishmen, Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller; Charles Babbage
invents a mechanical calculator
• 1836 – Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericcson co-invent the propeller;
Invention Timeline (Continued)
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1837 – Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
1839 –Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype
photography; Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle
1843 –Richard March Hoe invents the rotary printing press
1845 – American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine;
Late 1840s – Invention of better clipper ships
Later 1840s – Invention of steam ships
1850 – Joel Houghton was granted the first patent for a dishwasher
1851 – Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine
1852 – Henri Giffard builds an airship powered by the first aircraft engine – an
unsuccessful design
1853 – George Cayley invents a manned glider
1855 – Isaac Singer patents the sewing machine motor; Georges Audemars invents
rayon
1858 – Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine;
1867 - Joseph Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery
1870s - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
1879 – First vaccination for cholera
1881 – First vaccination for anthrax
1882 – First vaccination for rabies
• Before:
Electronic Breakthrough
– Concept of the “day” was limited to outdoor lighting
– Or primitive lighting (candles)
• Invention:
– 1800: Alessandro Volta invents the battery:
• The “Voltaic Pile”: Pieces of cloth soaked in salt water
“…each metal has a certain power, which is
placed between alternating copper and zinc disks
different
from metal
• Friction between metal
creates electrical
currentto metal, of setting the
electric
fluidconstant
in motion…
• Could store electricity
and provide
current ”
• Effects:
- Alessandro Volta
– Communication Revolution:
Inventor
of the battery
• Ordinary people could now communicate
quickly
• Transactions (especially money orders) were safer
• 1837: Morse invents the telegraph
• 1876: Graham Bell patents telephone
– Lighting:
• First gas lighting, then usable lighting at homes
• Changes communities. Perception of “day” ended
• 1809: Davy invents first electric lamp
First Battery
Medical Advances
• Before:
– Doctors had practical knowledge of the human body
– Diseases were a major problem (before and in the early 19th century)
• Major advances:
– 1816 - René Laënnec invents the stethoscope.
– 1818 - James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood.
– in1867
publishes
Principle of the Practice of Surgery
“Bearing
mind- Joseph
that it isLister
from the
vitality Antiseptic
of the atmospheric
of cleanliness
in thealloperation
particles that• allRevolutionary
the mischief idea
arises,
it appears that
that is room
Created
requisite is to• dress
the antiseptic
wound…”methods for surgery (the use of carbolic acid to clean wounds
and surgical instruments
- Joseph Lister
– Wrote
1870s -Antiseptic
Louis Pasteur
andofRobert
Koch establish
Principle
the Practice
of Surgerythe germ theory of disease.
• Disease is caused by a specific organism, not one that spontaneously forms in the
body (as was believed at that time)
• Doctors, without washing hands after handling infected bodies, treated patients,
thus spreading disease
– 1879 – First vaccination for cholera
– 1881 – First vaccination for anthrax
– 1882 – First vaccination for rabies
The Results of Medical Advances
• Antiseptic Principles:
– Greater awareness of cleanliness and infection creates advances in
sanitation and possibility of surgery
– In one hospital: Death from infection from 60% to 4%
• Germ Theory of Disease:
– Doctors were better at fighting diseases
– Preventive measures (washing hands before treating a patient)
• New vaccinations in cholera, anthrax, and rabies
– Prevented massive outbreaks and pandemics of disease such as the
cholera epidemic in the 1830s
Transportation
• Before:
– Ordinary people commuted by walking
– Or they stayed at home
– In 1830: Less than 20,000 people a year crossed the Atlantic to
America
• Inventions:
– By Land:
• 1804 – Richard Trevithick develops the first steam-powered locomotive
• 1814 – George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive
– Transportation would be made comfortable with railway cars, sleeping cars,
and dining cars
– By Sea:
• Late 1840s: Invention of the Clipper ship
– Fast, compact merchant vessel
• 1836 – Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericcson co-invent the screw
propeller for ships
– Would be a major mechanism in later ships
• Later 1840s: Invention of steamships
– First successful line across the Atlantic: (Britannia)
Impacts on Land Transportation
• Land Transport:
– Steam locomotive:
• Major advances in railroad transportation
– More tunnels, stations, railway bridges, and even beginning subways
– Sheds and workshops for locomotives
• Faster: Cross all of Europe in 3 to 4 days by rail
• 1840-50s: About 16,000 miles of railway track
• By World War I: Over 220,000 miles of track
– “The thousands of miles of road, and canal, and tunnel, and bridges…if
you count all this you have a public mass of works vaster than anything
humanity has every produced.”
– Weber Video Program 41: Industrial Revolution (Watch Below)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unDJ9J7gB7o
– Also: History Channel:
• http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution
Impacts on Overseas Transportations
• Invention of the clipper ship
– From 150 miles a day of a normal ship to 250 miles a day with a
clipper
– From Liverpool to Boston in 12 days
• Invention of the screw propeller The Screw Propeller
– The propeller was the a thrust mechanism on the ship
– Leads to invention of steamships and would be a major component in
other ships
• At the end of the century: One million people crossed the Atlantic every
year
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Comparing the Communication Revolution and Transportation
Advances
Made the world “smaller”
• Made the world more
Faster speed in the transfer of
accessible
knowledge and information
• Faster in the moving of people
around the world
and objects over Europe as
Tens of thousands of telegraph
well as places in overseas
lines and poles dotting the
travel
landscape
• Increase in bridges, roads,
In the 1870s, a telegram can
canals, tunnels, and other
travel around the world in a
forms of transportation
few hours
•“What had he really gained by all
trouble? What had he brought
In the 1900, the telephone had this
back from this long and weary
2½ million European
journey?...
Truly, would you not for less than
subscribers (In the 1870s, it
that make the tour around the
was thought to be a trick)
world?”
― Jules Verne, Around the World in
Eighty Days
Industry and Clothing Trends
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Before:
– 1700s: Weaving industries involved long and tedious work on intricate designs. Amount
of time almost reduced the profit of the product to nothing
– Sowing was done in home with needle and thread
– The poorer classes would wear plain, second-hand clothes, made of durable and hard
material
– At most two suits or dresses in a lifetime
Inventions:
– 1800: Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom
• System of punch cards and hooks that were reused to produce the same intricate
pattern on a product consistently
– 1851: Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine and first to patent
• Stitching of fabrics mechanically in the fraction of a second
• At the end of the century: Households could purchase their own sewing machine
Effects:
– The Jacquard Loom improved textile industries, and decreased the cost of human labor
• The idea of “algorithms” (set patterns) for machinery would also be later utilized
in the coming centuries (For example: computers)
– Singer’s sewing machine allowed quicker sewing other than the needle and thread, and
allowed at the end of the century women to make their own garments
– The miserable labor in the textile and other industries at this time created gingham and
calico prints that were cheap enough for the working classes to buy
Workers of the New Industry
• Working life
– Dangerous and laborious
• Cotton lint in the factories could develop into bad respiratory diseases
• Before the invention of the Jacquard Loom, draw boys were needed in the loom to
direct the weaving of the intricate patterns. Some were dismembered if they were too
slow
“The–industrial
revolution
tended to produce everywhere great urban masses that seem to be
Shifts lasted
12-16has
hours
increasingly careless of ethical standards.”
– Workers who were late were either beaten or fired
-Irving Babbitt
– Injured and sick workers were fired
• Women and children workers
– Paid slightly less than men
• Ways of enduring
– Protests and the formation of unions
• Many were crushed by the government
• The formation of unions, however, was legalized after the abolishment of the
Combination Acts of 1825, that once prohibited them
– Methodism: Religious Movement
• John Wesley: Focus on a better life after their labor on Earth
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Newspapers and Printing
Before:
– A society that was not tuned to constant and recent news but rather routine
– 18th Century: Newspapers were costly and only for those with money
Invention:
– 1843: Richard March Hoe invents the rotary printing press
• A printing press on which a paper would roll between a supporting cylinder and a
cylinder which contained the printing plates
– The Communication Revolution (mentioned earlier)
• Created the 19th Century notion of “news”
Effects:
– The rotary press led to faster, and more efficient printing
• Daily and weekly papers were increasing constantly (more accessible news)
• The London Times printed 5,000 copies a day in 1815 and sold for 7 pence
– In 1855: The London Times printed 50,000 copies a day for 5 pence
– News traveled fast. In latter part of century, news can spread in hours
– Cheap costs of papers allowed all classes to access news
• Circulation raised from hundreds of thousands to the millions in the 1890s (Weber
Program 41)
– Number of revolutions and political crises in the 19th Century were mostly
caused by the public emotions incited by the press (Example: Revolution of
1830)
Photography
• Before:
– Events were vague and “unreal”
– Paintings and portraits were only accessible to the wealthy
– Propaganda also was conveyed in paintings
• Example: Napoleon’s battles
• Inventions:
– 1814 – Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a “photograph”
• A newly invented art of lithography that allowed for the first permanent image of
nature
– 1839 –Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype
photography
• The first practical photographs that were on a sheet of metal or glass
• Effects:
"We
didn'tprints
trust ourselves
at first
lookgraphic
long at and
the first
pictures
he events
– New
and etchings
weretonow
visual,
showing
developed.
We were abashed by the distinctness of these human images, and
realistically
believed that the little tiny faces in the picture could see us…”
• For example: Francisco Goya’s “Horrors of War” series
-Dauthendey,
qtd. in
Walter
Benjamin,
"A Small
Historytheir
of Photography"
– Allowed lower
class
families
the ability
to decorate
homes with
inexpensive pictures, portraits, and reproductions of images
– It gave evidence to real life events and identified public figures
•
The Agricultural Revolution
Before:
– By 1800: 3/4 of Europe’s population grew food
• 10% of people lived in cities
• Diet consisted of bread and potatoes
– Europe lived on the verge of famine or hunger
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Inventions
– Transportation allowed the faster transport of food and grain
– 1831 – Cyrus McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper (Machinery
that aids in the harvesting of crops)
– 1834 – Henry Blair patents a corn planter
• Less human labor required to plant corn
– More land for farming, better crop rotation, more fertilizer, and using better tools
•
Effects:
– By 1900: 1/2 of Europe’s population grew food
• 40% of Europeans lived in cities
• Better diet consisting of more fruit, vegetables, and meat
– Less famines, and eventually after the mid 19th Century, none
– Majority of surplus was produced in Europe (Especially Great Britain)
– By end of 19th Century, King Corn and cereals were major goods in international trade
(1/10)
– More food to cities powered the Industrial Revolution of the 19th Century
– More of the environment was changed for agriculture (many acres of trees cut for
farming)
– Less peasants more prosperous farmers
Industrialization of Europe
Rails and the Industry of Europe
Effects of Industrial Revolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Wealth of entrepreneurs grew and the working class had a poor, laborious life
Growth of cities
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Rapid, unsanitary, and dysfunctional growth of cities around factories
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Lack of housing leads to horrid slums and cramped conditions
•
Some filthy and unsanitary conditions were alleviated with further
industrialization, in which systems such as public sewers and reliable
water sources were created
Rapid urbanization: More people move to cities
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More workers
–
Large growth in population
–
Greater industrialization led to further enclosures on land, forcing people off
their land and into the cities
New ways of thought
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David Ricardo: “The Iron Law of Wages” and the “Labor Theory of Value”
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Socialism: Equal distribution of wealth
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Communism: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels against the shocking
conditions of industrialization. Wrote The Communist Manifesto
Reform and Legislation to certain aspects of industrial work
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Factory Acts of 1833, 1842, and 1847
Better transportation, agriculture, and communication
Advances electronically, as well as in other areas, such as the medical field, the
press, and industry
The World Fair
• The first was known as:
– The 1851 Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
– To showcase Great Britain and its colony’s technology and new products
• Allowed other nations to showcase to make the exhibition “international”
• Showcased inventions such as the grain reaper and Indian products
• Held at London in its famous structure: The Crystal Palace
– The event was originally suggested by Prince Albert and Henry Cole (a civil
servant and an inventor)
– Structure was built by Joseph Paxton
• A building created of glass and cast iron, plants, exhibits, and sculptures adorned
the walkways in the hall
• Destroyed by fire in 1936
– 32 countries participated
– 17,000 exhibitors
– 6,039,000 people in attendance
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Click link to see every expo since 1851 to 2012!
– http://www.expomuseum.com/1851/
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