Transcript Introduction - Command and Control Research Program

Privatizing Peacekeeping:
The Growing Prominence of
Private Military Companies
in Conflict and Crisis
Colonel Christopher T. Mayer
Chief of Staff
Defense Reconstruction Support Office
Introduction
1.
Definitions
2.
History
3.
Recent Development
4.
PMCs as Enablers of Peacekeeping
and Humanitarian Relief
5.
The Dangers of Employing PMCs
6.
Concepts for Mitigating Risk
7.
Conclusion
Definitions

Mercenary

Private Military Company

Humanitarian Relief Organization

Complex Contingency

Principles of Military Operations Other
Than War
Mercenary

a soldier hired into foreign service
(Merriam Webster’s Collegiate College Dictionary, 10th
Edition)

A person who fights in a conflict for
compensation substantially greater than that
made by regular soldiers; is not a national of
the state in which the conflict is fought nor a
citizen of one of the parties to the conflict; and
is not himself a member of the armed forces
of a party to the conflict.
Legal Requirements for
Mercenarism






specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed
conflict;
does, in fact, take a direct part in the hostilities;
motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire
for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a
Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in
excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks
and functions in the armed forces of that Party;
not a national of a Party to the conflict nor a resident of territory
controlled by a Party to the conflict;
not a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict; and
not been sent by a State which is not a Party to the conflict on
official duty as a member of its armed forces.
Private Military Company
A corporate body that specializes in providing
military skills to legitimate governments. Such
skills may include training, planning, analysis of
intelligence, operational support, and technical
support.
Also: Private Military Firms, Privatized Military
Companies, Private Military Corporations, and
similar
Private Security Company

PMCs, or subordinate components of PMCs,
whose mission set is limited to providing
defensive protection for personnel, facilities,
and (more rarely) materiel. PSCs have limited
armament and do not engage in combat
(battles and engagements.)

Almost all PMC type companies conducting
active operations in Iraq are PSCs
Humanitarian Relief
Organization
A group that provides or supports
relief assistance to mortally
endangered populations. This includes
nongovernmental organizations, UN
agencies, Red Cross organizations,
international organizations, and some
elements of donor agencies.
Complex Contingencies
Any military operation (other than
large scale combat) executed in
conjunction with a humanitarian
assistance operation
Principles of MOOTW
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Objective: Direct every military operation towards a
clearly defined, decisive and obtainable objective
Unity of Effort: Seek unity of effort in every operation.
Security: Never permit hostile factions to acquire an
unexpected advantage
Restraint: Apply appropriate military capability
prudently
Perseverance: Prepare for the measured, protracted
application of military capability in support of strategic
goals
Legitimacy: Sustain the willing acceptance by the
people of the right of the government to govern or
agency to make and carry out decisions.
History: Mercenary Organizations

White Company

• 14th century

Swiss Guard
• First World War

• 15th century to today

Landesknechts
Wild Geese

East India Company
• 18th and 19th century
Kondor Legion
• Spanish Civil War

• 17th century

Abraham Lincoln Brigade
• Spanish Civil War
• 16th Century

Escadrille Lafayette
Eagle Squadon
• Second World War

American Volunteer
Group (Flying Tigers)
• Second World War
History: Individual Mercenaries

Sir William Marshall

Sir John Hawkwood

Captain John Smith
 Capt John Paul Jones
Prince Eugene of Savoy
(Prinz Eugen)
 Col. Carl v. Clausewitz

Baron Friedrich v. Stueben
 Maj. Claire Chennault
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Count Casimir Pulaski
 Charles Lindbergh
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 Gilbert du Mottier
(Marquis de Lafayette)
 Capt. Raoul Lufbery
Private Military Companies are a
Growing Presence
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End of Cold War (New World Disorder)
•
•
•
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Great power drawdown of military capability
Global explosion of crises
Increasing reluctance of great powers to get
involved
Professional regular military forces may
not be available
Professional military forces are
uneconomical
Regular military forces may be unsuitable
Non-combat roles in support of
Military Operations

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PMCs act as economy of force to indirectly
support military operations
Security for Personnel, Materiel, and
Facilities

Staff Assistance
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Theater Engagement Strategy
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Civil Affairs
Reconstruction Operations Center:
Purpose and Functions

Facilitate integration of the contracting community to
military operations
• Sanitized intelligence
• National and regional situational awareness
• Facilitate response in the event of an emergency
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Coordinate non-military movements, movement of
material in support of U.S. funded reconstruction
Coordinate for military support to civilian/contractor
operations
Provide security and intelligence support to PCO/Army
Corps of Engineers operations throughout Iraq
Provide situational awareness on the current and future
status of complete reconstruction effort across Iraq
Reconstruction Operations Center:
A Blended Staff of Military and PMC
Military Staff
ROC
PSC Staff
Cmd Gp
Blended Staff
C-1
Admin
C-2
Intel
C-3
PCO ops
Regional
ROC/CMOC
C-4
LMCC
C-5
LNOs
C-6
Comm/IT
Basrah, Hillah, Ramadi
Tikrit, Mosul, & Baghdad
C-9
NCMOC
The national
CMOC is a part of
the ROC.
Non-combat roles in support of
Military Operations
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PMCs act as economy of force to indirectly
support military operations
Security for Personnel, Materiel, and
Facilities
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Staff Assistance
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Theater Engagement Strategy
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Civil Affairs
Support for Civil Affairs:
Examples of PMC Civil Action Projects
Inoculation program
Clean drinking water for schools
School supplies:
desks, stationery, children’s backpacks
Support for Civil Affairs
Other PMC Civil Action Projects 
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Small infrastructure – football pitch, playground,
community café
Oil heaters for schools
Sports equipment
Heritage & conservation
Donations to orphanages
Mosque repair
Support for Humanitarian Relief
Organizations
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Direct protection for personnel and
materiel
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Intelligence
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Coordination and Liaison
• Local population
• “Arm’s Length” Cooperation with Military
MNFI
OTHERS
CACOM
G2 CELL
Intelligence
PSC G2 CELL
CLAS
UNCLAS
CONTRACTORS
Produces daily INTSUM
for
Contractors
UN
Mil etc.
Incorporates
Sanitized Intelligence
PSC Open Source Intelligence
SLT Tactical Intelligence
CLIENTS
Support for Humanitarian Relief
Organizations
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Direct protection for personnel and
materiel

Intelligence
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Coordination and Liaison
• Local population
• “Arm’s Length” Cooperation with Military
Local liaison adds value
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Local leadership
Intelligence
Security warnings
Other Capabilities and Limitations
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Capabilities
• Adapability
• Scalability
• Deployability
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Limitations
• Direct Combat
Operations
• Level I Threat
PMCs Present Real Risks
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Legitimacy
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Security
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Unity of Effort
PMCs can undermine Legitimacy
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PMCs have not always been on the side of
the angels
Illegitimate use of PMCs
• Violations of International Humanitarian Law
• Violations of Anti-Mercenary International
Agreements
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The very use of a PMC can undermine
legitimacy of the effort
PMCs can compromise Security
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Hostile Infiltration
Direct and indirect
pressure
Intimidation
Challenges for Unity of Effort
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Parallel or divergent operations and
objectives
• “Stovepipe” employment
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Lack of interoperability
• With Military
• With Other PMCs
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The Commercial Nature of PMCs
Risk Management
Planning
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Objective: Begin with the End in Mind
STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL
OBJ
TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
A Free and Self-Governing Iraq
Rebuild Infrastructure: US State Dept/COM Lead (PCO Executes)
Global ReconstructionProjects
War on
Objectives
Terror
9/11
OIF
Move Materiel and Supplies from Port to Construction
Site
T
A
S
K
Now
Oil
L
Electricity
E
V
E Security &
L
Justice
A
Public Works/
N
A
Water
L
Y
Transportation/
S
I
Communication
S
Buildings And Health
Coordinate Convoy Movement
Protect Convoy
Execute reconstruction Projects
Protect Construction Sites from Enemy Attack
Construct Facilities for Iraqi Army and Security
Forces
Equip Iraqi Army and Security Forces
Support for Legitimacy
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Work with the Host Nation Government
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Use Command Information Program
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Civil Affairs Program
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Respect Host Nation Sovereignty
Support for Security
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Effective and Screening
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Effective Interviewing
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Continuous Follow-up
Support for Unity of Effort
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PMC Steering Committee
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Open Architecture C4
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Mandatory Cooperation
• With the Military
• With other PMCs
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ROC/CMOC Model
Accountability
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The fundamental perceived difference
between government and contractor
operations
Planners must incorporate market
driven accountability
Establishment and Enforcement of
Industry Standards
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Governmental Bodies and the PMC
Community is moving towards regulation
and certification
Planners should incorporate suitable
standards into their contract award process
Standards should address these issues in
any request for proposals:
• Contractor history (legitimacy)
• Personnel vetting (security)
• interoperability (unity of effort)
Coalition Provisional Authority
Memorandum 17
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Business License in the country of operations
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Accountability of Weapons
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Standards of Weapons Training
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Vetting Standards
• No felony convictions
• No history of Terrorist activity
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Public Liability Insurance
Liability of officers for the actions of their
employees
Mitigation Matrix
Accountability
Legitimacy
Security
Unity of
Effort
Industry Standards
Int’l
Law
Contract
Law
Vetting
Certification
Clients
Planning
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Effective Contract Management formalizes the
mitigation effort
Program Management
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Planning and mitigation efforts must be
clearly reflected in your proposal and
the contract itself
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Use of Boilerplate
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Program Manager is critical
Conclusion
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Private Military Companies will continue to play a
critical role in complex contingencies and other
crises
PMCs offer a wide variety of critical enablers to
regular military forces and Humanitarian Relief
Organizations
There is significant risk associated with PMCs
PMC employment requires competent program
management to exploit their capabilities while
mitigating risk
References
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James R. Davis, Fortune’s Warriors, (Toronto, CA, Douglas &
MacIntyre, 2000)
P.W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military
Industry, (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2003)
Lt Col Tim Spicer OBE, An Unorthodox Soldier, (Edinburgh,
U.K.,Mainstream Publishing Company (Edinburgh) Ltd. 1999)
Peter W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise and Ramifications of
the Privatized Military Industry (International Security, Vol. 26,
No. 3, Winter 2001/2002.)
David Isenberg, A Fistful of Contractors: The Case for a Pragmatic
Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq (British
American Security Council, Sept 2004)
Maj Major S. Goddard, The Private Military Company: A Legitimate
Entity within Modern Conflict (US Army CGSC Thesis, 2001)
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Private Military Companies:
Options for Regulation (The Stationery Office, London, 2002)
Contingency Task Matrix
STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL
OBJ
TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
A Free and Self-Governing Iraq
Establish Security: MNFI/CENTOM Lead
Execute Force Protection Operations
Protect Coalition Personnel
Protect Coalition Supplies and Facilities
Organize and Train Iraqi Army
Organize and Train Iraqi Security Forces
Rebuild Infrastructure: US State Dept/COM Lead (PCO Executes)
Move Materiel and Supplies from Port to Construction Site
Coordinate Convoy Movement
Protect Convoy
Execute reconstruction Projects
Protect Construction Sites from Enemy Attack
Construct Facilities for Iraqi Army and Security Forces
Equip Iraqi Army and Security Forces