Transcript Coastal and Marine Resources Management

TEKNOLOGI RESERVOIR DAN
PEMROSESAN HIDROCARBON
K01
Pendahuluan
Hidrokarbon
Sebagai Sumber Energi
Dr. Wahyudi
Dept. Ocean Engineering, ITS
Surabaya
Materi Kuliah
Minggu
Tanggal
Materi
I
25-02-2011
Hidrokarbon Sebagai Sumber Energi
II
04-03-2011
Asal-usul Hidrokarbon
III
11-03-2011
Batuan Induk, Batuan Reservoir dan Migrasi
IV
18-03-2011
Reservoir dan Akumulasi HC
V
25-03-2011
Fluida Reservoir
VI
01-04-2011
Drilling
VII
08-04-2011
Drilling
VIII
15-04-2011
UTS
Referensi
Aturan dan Evaluasi Perkuliahan
• ITS:
– Tatap Muka < 80 % tidak diperkenankan diadakan UAS
– Kehadiran Mahasiswa < 80 % tidak berhak mengikuti UAS
• Dosen:
– no phone cells, no hats, no T-shirts, no sandals,
no noises, no cheating
• Evaluasi:
– Tugas
– UTS
– UAS
35 % - 45 %
20 % - 25 %
35 % - 40 %
Mengapa
Teknologi Pemrosesan Hidrokarbon?
Absolute
levels
(Report#:DOE/EIA-0484(2002)
Note:
Information Revolution hasn’t yet revolutionized energy
Global Oil Resources
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Saudi Arabia
Iraq
Iran
Kuwait
UAE
Russia
Venezuela
5%
Nigeria
Libya
China
Mexico
United States
26%
11%
10%
10%
6%
5%
3%
3%
3%
2%
2%
Global Oil Production
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Saudi Arabia 12%
United States 11%
Russia
10%
Iran
5%
Mexico
5%
Norway
5%
China
4%
Venezuela
4%
Canada
4%
Global
Natural Gas Resources
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Russia
Iran
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
United States
Algeria
Nigeria
Venezuela
Iraq
29%
16%
13%
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
2%
Global
Natural Gas Production
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Russia
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Algeria
Netherlands
Indonesia
23%
22%
7%
4%
3%
3%
3%
World Oil & Gas Reserves
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
(Billion Barrels)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
World Oil4
Year-End 2006
BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007
CEDIGAZ5
January 1,
2008
Oil
Oil
Oil
(Billion Barrels)
(Billion Barrels)
BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007
Oil & Gas
Journal3
January 1,
2008
Oil & Gas
Journal3
January 1,
2008
World Oil4
Year-End 2006
NORTH AMERICA
69.295
211.214
58.219
281.648
281.821
283.135
286.842
260.095
261.795
242.167
218.134
172.041
175.652
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA
111.211
109.857
77.107
272.841
EUROPE
15.570
14.268
14.530
207.654
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
(Billion Barrels)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
(Trillion Cubic
Feet)
World Oil4
Year-End 2006
BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007
CEDIGAZ5
January 1,
2008
Oil & Gas
Journal3
January 1,
2008
World Oil4
Year-End 2006
1,900.265
2,014.800
2,136.660
2,609.319
2,548.900
2,555.078
514.328
489.630
500.731
531.809
415.393
497.920
6,315.770
6,185.694
6,395.050
105.945
93.900
93.020
Oil
Oil
Oil
(Billion Barrels)
(Billion Barrels)
BP Statistical
Review2
Year-End 2007
Oil & Gas
Journal3
January 1,
2008
EURASIA
128.146
98.886
123.360
1,884.676
MIDDLE EAST
755.325
748.286
722.513
2,585.351
AFRICA
117.482
114.838
111.661
514.923
ASIA-OCEANIA
40.847
34.350
35.965
510.687
WORLD
1,237.876
1,331.698
1,143.355
6,257.780
INDONESIA
4.370
4.370
4.840
105.944
CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI INDONESIA (2007)
SUMBER DAYA
CADANGAN
PRODUKSI
RASIO
CAD/PROD
(TAHUN)*)
56,6 miliar barel
8,4 miliar
barel**)
348 juta barel
24
Gas Bumi
334,5 TSCF
165 TSCF
2,7 TSCF
61
Batubara
90,5 miliar ton
18,7 miliar ton
250 juta ton
75
453 TSCF
-
-
-
ENERGI FOSIL
Minyak Bumi
Coal Bed Methane
(CBM)
*) Dengan asumsi tidak ada penemuan cadangan baru. **) Termasuk Blok Cepu
SUMBER DAYA
KAPASITAS
TERPASANG
Tenaga Air
75.670 MW
4.200 MW
Panas Bumi
27.000 MW
1.052 MW
Micro Hydro
450 MW
84 MW
49.810 MW
300 MW
Tenaga Surya
4,80 kWh/m2/day
8 MW
Tenaga Angin
9.290 MW
0,5 MW
3.000 MW (e.q. 24,112 ton) untuk 11
tahun*)
30 MW
ENERGI NON FOSIL
Biomass
Uranium
SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025
ENERGI (PRIMER) MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2003
Gas bumi
26.5%
Batubara
14.1%
PLTA 3.4%
Panas bumi 2%
EBT Lainnya 0.2%
Minyak
bumi
54.4%
ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025
ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025
(SKENARIO OPTIMALISASI)
(SKENARIO BaU)
Batubara
34.6%
Gas bumi
20.6%
PLTA 1.9%
Panas bumi 2%
PLTMH
0.1%
OPTIMALISASI
PENGELOLAAN
ENERGI
Minyak bumi 41.7%
EBT 4.4%
Batubara 32.7%
PLTMH 0.216%
Biofuel 1.335%
Tenaga surya 0.020%
Gas
bumi
30.6%
PLTA 2.4%
Tenaga angin 0.028%
Fuel cell 0.000%
Biomassa 0.766%
Nuklir 1.993%
Minyak bumi
26%
Panas bumi 5%
= 9500 MWe
You can choose clean renewable energy from wind,
solar, small hydropower and geothermal resources
BAGAIMANA POTENSI SDA
DAPAT MENJADI CADANGAN ?
RESOURCES
HYPOTHETICAL
RESOURCES
IDENTIFIED
RESOURCES
IDENTIFIED
SUBECONOMIC
RESOURCES
RESERVES
• RESOURCES
– Reserves plus all other mineral deposits that may eventually
become available either known deposits, that are not
recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, that may be
inferred to exist but have not yet been discovered.
– They represent the mineral endowment, global, regional, or
local, ultimately available for man’s use.
• RESERVES
– Identified resources of mineral or fuel bearing rock from
which the mineral or fuel can be extracted profitably with
existing technology and under present economic
conditions.
– The concept can be applied in global, regional, or local
sense, or applied as a measure of remaining effective life of
individual mine.
• IDENTIFIED RESOURCES
– Specific bodies of mineral bearing rock whose existence and
location are known. They may or may not be evaluated as to
extent and grade.
– Identified resources include reserves and identified subeconomic resources.
• IDENTIFIED SUB-ECONOMIC RESOURCES
– Mineral resources that are not reserves, but that may become
reserves as a results of change in economic and legal
conditions.
• HYPOTHETICAL RESOURCES
– Undiscovered mineral resources that we may reasonably expect
to find in known mining districts.
The physical and chemical
properties of oil and gas
Hydrocarbon: composed of H and C
Liquid
Oil, Crude
Gases
Dry
methane
Wet
ethane,
propane
Plastic
Asphalts,
Coals,
Kerogen
Natural Gas Liquid (NGL)
Classified into
INORGANIC ORIGIN
ORGANIC ORIGIN
Inert Gases
Helium
Argon
Krypton
Radon
Nitrogen
Also
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
sulphide
Hydrocarbon Gases
Methane (dry)
Ethane (wet)
Propane
Butane
Crude Oil
“a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid
phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains
liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through
surface separating facilities”
• Highly variable in composition and in appearance
• Primarily carbon, hydrogen and minor oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, vanadium, nickel…
• Color: yellow, green, brown to dark brown & black
• Oil at the surface tends to be more viscous, most oils are
less dense than water: generally measured as the
difference between its density and that of water:
141.5
- 131.5
°API =
SG 60/60°F
Petroleum
• (rock oil)
• Is a naturally occurring complex of
hydrocarbons widely distributed in the
sedimentary rocks of the earth’s crust.
• Occur in liquid form that constitute crude oil,
gaseous members constitute natural gas, and
solid members are variously called asphalt,
bitumen, or tar
• Petroleum Geology  geology applied to
petroleum
Petroleum
• Petroleum: a general term for all naturally occurring
hydrocarbons (solid, liquid, gas)
• Natural Gas: common term for gas hydrocarbons, mostly
methane
• Crude Oil: common term for liquid phase. A complex
mixture of hydrocarbons (parrafins, napthenes, and
aromatics) and nonhydrocarbons (resins and asphaltenes)
• Solid Hydrocarbons: tar and asphalt
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
• Natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied
by reducing its temperature to -260 degrees Fahrenheit
at atmospheric pressure.
Historical Development
•
•
•
•
•
Petroleum products have been used for at least 8000 years
Herodotus 450 BC – natural seeps
Egyptians – mummification/Victorian medication
Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred Oracle at Delphi
Persian Temples built around natural gas sources
• Early uses:
– medication, waterproofing, warfare
• Up to mid 19th century: all oil produced from seeps,
shallow pits and hand dug shafts
• James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous shales,
Scotland 1847: “oil-shales”
• 1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province China several thousand years ago
– Bamboo tools and pipes – salt production
• 1st oil-seeking well = Pechelbronn, France, 1745
• 1st well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by “Colonel”
Drake
Historical Development
• Commercial production has been
carried on for > a century
• Pre-geological years (1842-1901):
All areas producing oil had been discovered
through seepages
• From 1901 to 1925:
Surface geological surveys aimed at the
identification of oil structures began in 1901
(anticlinal theory)
continued
• From 1925 to 1945:
Greatest innovation in petroleum exploration. Rotary
drilling rigs began to displace cable tool rigs. Before 1925,
most wells were shallower than 1000 m.
With the new rigs  wells were taken to 3000 m (1931),
4500 m (1938), and 5000 m (1945)
• From 1945 to 1960:
exploratory drilling had been extended to shallow waters
offshore. Revolution in subsurface geology methods using
seismic exploration.
• 1960 and after:
1960-1967: oil surplus productivity
1973-1974: world energy crisis
Keunggulan Minyak dan Gasbumi
continued
• Bentuk/sifat cair/gas: mudah dan praktis/fleksibel dalam
pemanfaatan sebagai bb transportasi dan untuk ditransport
• Kalori: paling tinggi di antara sumber energi yang lain
• Produk: dapat menghasilkan berbagai jenis bahan bakar
• Manfaat lain: sebagai bahan baku industri petro kimia
• Teknologi eksplorasi & eksploitasi telah tersedia