Transcript Sun Yat-sen

Chinese Leaders
Sun Yat-sen – “The Father of Modern
China”
•Served as president of the new
republic in 1911 for only a brief
period
•“Three Principles of the People”
were NATIONALISM (end foreign
domination and unify China),
DEMOCRACY (representative
government), & LIVELIHOOD
Sun Yat-sen – “The Father of
Modern China”
(ensuring a decent living)
•Helped to organize the
Kuomintang (KMT), A.K.A. the
Nationalist party
May Fourth Movement
•1919 - student protests erupted in
Beijing & spread across Chinese
cities
•Set off a cultural & intellectual
movement whose goal was to
strengthen China
May Fourth Movement
•Leaders were Western educated wanted to learn from the West and
use that knowledge to end foreign
domination
•Rejected Confucian traditions included women who were agst.
footbinding, arranged marriages,
and seclusion of women
Sun Yat-sen – “The Father of
Modern China”
•Sun Yat-sen rallied his followers at
his base in Guangzhou,where he
organized an army to restore unity
•He appointed Chiang Kai-shek to
command the Nationalist army
Sun Yat-sen – “The Father of
Modern China”
•Sun died in 1925 of cancer and
Chiang took over as leader of the
KMT
•By 1928, Chiang brought China
under his control
Chiang Kai-shek – “The General”
•Had many challenges to his
authority
•1.Chinese felt strong ties to their
own families but little loyalty to a
national state
•2.China had no experience with
representative government
Chiang Kai-shek – “The General”
•3. Nation’s economy was badly
depressed
•He was especially concerned with
the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP), formed in 1921 by a group
of young Chinese
•The CCP joined forces w/KMT to
expel foreigners and fight the warlords
•But they hoped to eventually win
control of the KMT by working
from within
•1927 - Chiang moved against them
by expelling them from the KMT
and killing thousands of their
supporters
•Surviving Communists fled to the
mountains of southeastern China
Mao Tse-tung – “The Chairman”
•Emerged as the leader of the CCP
in the late 1920s and 1930s
•Believed CCP would only succeed
with the support of the peasants so
Communist forces had to treat
peasants fairly & politely
Mao Tse-tung – “The Chairman”
•Why was this against conventional
communism?
•CCP army paid peasants for food with peasant support, the size of
Mao’s army increased
The Long March
•The Communists fled from
Chiang’s armies when he
launched a fierce campaign
against them in 1934
•They trekked about 6,000 miles,
led by Mao, and chased by the
KMT forces
The Long March
•Chase lasted more than a year as
they crossed rugged mountains,
deep gorges, & rivers
•About 100,000 followers went on
march
•Between 7,000 and 20,000
survived
The Long March
•Stood as symbol of
Communist heroism to the
Chinese opposed to the KMT
& of the bitter hardships they
would have to endure before
they could take over
The Long March
•The Long March further garnered
support from the peasants for the
CCP since two of Mao’s rules
included returning stolen items to
peasants and not to steal from the
peasants, who had suffered at the
hands of the KMT
The Long March
•CCP set up a base in remote area
of China (Yunan province) where
Mao rebuilt his forces and plotted
new strategies
•Claimed the retreat to be a great
victory
•Why would this be a victory?
The Japanese Invasion
•1931 - Japanese had seized
Manchuria (Manchukuo)
•1937 - Japanese launched an allout campaign to take over China,
bombing cities and overrunning
the most heavily populated
regions of China
The Japanese Invasion
•KMT called on Chiang to stop
wasting valuable resources on
Mao and to mobilize against the
Japanese instead
•KMT and CCP were eventually
forced to unite their armies
- The Japanese set up their
puppet government in Nanjing,
the former KMT capital
- The killing and brutality that
accompanied their entry into
Nanjing is now known as the
“rape of Nanjing”
- Japan was defeated in WWII in
1945, forcing their retreat from
China
- Mao controlled northern China
and Chiang controlled southern
China
-The Chinese Civil War was
renewed after the end of WWII
Triumph of Communism
•Chiang Kai-shek had the support
of the U.S. (beginning of Cold War)
•Mao had the support of U.S.S.R.
•By 1949, the CCP and Mao were
victorious
•Oct. 1, 1949 - People’s Republic of
China proclaimed in Beijing
Reasons for Triumph
1. Mao’s peasant armies were
highly disciplined while Chiang’s
forces suffered from low morale
due to poor pay and lack of food
2. Massive corruption among
Chiang’s officials
Reasons for Triumph
3. Mao’s philosophy of
communism appealed to the poor &
he was able to win their support by
pledging to distribute lands to the
peasants (who had been oppressed
by landlords)
4. He also appealed to women
Reasons for Triumph
by rejecting inequalities of
Confucianism
5. Even educated and middle-class
Chinese were drawn to the
Communist program for a new
China and end to foreign
domination and humiliation
What happened to the KMT?
•Chiang retreated with his forces to
the island of Taiwan
•He set up a government there and
vowed to gain control of the
mainland
•Until recently, the Nationalists
ruled in Taiwan
Mao’s China
•After decades of chaos, China was
finally united
•In theory: the CCP set up a
People’s Congress, permitted free
elections, & protected democratic
rights
•Reality: China is a 1-party
dictatorship
Mao’s China
•CCP members held all the
important jobs & controlled the
gov’t & econ.
•Set up the People’s Liberation
Army (PLA), who silenced
opposition
•Totalitarian state set up - gov’t
control every aspect of ppl’s lives
Mao’s China
•CCP set out to modernize China’s
economy through industrialization
•All businesses nationalized and 5year plans created to develop
industry
•Mao encouraged the murder of
landlords (the “enemy”) by the
peasants
Mao’s China
•Gov’t forced peasants to pool land
& labor to form COLLECTIVE
FARMS (worked for the state &
received share of the harvest)
•GREAT LEAP FORWARD
(1958) - China divided into
COMMUNES (groups of villages),
which controlled land & ppl’s lives
Mao’s China
•Families were split up & each
person was assigned a job
•In return, received from gov’t all
necessary items (food, housing,
clothing, etc.)
•Was disastrous - food production
fell, people became lazy since
guaranteed a living
Mao’s China
•Industries turned out low-quality
and useless goods
•Confucianism was attacked
•Floods & droughts added to
China’s problems as famine swept
the country & millions died
•GREAT LEAP FORWARD
abandoned by the early 1960s
Mao’s China
•CULTURAL REVOLUTION:
(1966), Mao feared rival groups
within the CCP were growing
•He also believed the new
generation had to experience
revolution firsthand so launched
“Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution”
Mao’s China
•Stressed class struggle - urged
young ppl.to root out capitalists
•Young people responded by
forming the RED GUARDS,
which held mass rallies to show
support of Mao
•Travelled around China attacking
gov’t officials & others who did
not fully support Mao
Mao’s China
•They abused people who had “bad
class backgrounds”:those whose
families had been landlords, rich
peasants, or KMT supporters
•Forced teachers, factory
managers, & even CCP members
to confess to “crimes” against Mao
and victims were sent to labor
camps in distant rural areas
Mao’s China
•EFFECTS: Created chaos in
China, schools closed, production
slowed in factories, gov. shut down
•Many people had been tortured,
imprisoned or killed
•1969 - People’s Liberation Army
restored order by sending millions
of Red Guards to work in distant
rural areas
Mao’s China
•EFFECTS: Lives of young
disrupted as they never finished
school; since sent to distant
communes, they were cut off from
normal family life & careers
•Became the “lost generation”
•Many lost faith in their hero, Mao,
and the CCP; disillusioned with
communism
China After Mao
• Mao died in 1976 & power struggle
took place
• On the one side was the “Gang of
Four”, Mao’s widow, & her top
supporters and on the other side
were moderates, who were majority
• By 1978, moderates won & DENG
XIAOPING emerged as the leader
Deng Xiaoping
• Stressed economic reform instead
of class struggle, ruled until 1997
• Named his program for
modernizing China FOUR
MODERNIZATIONS (called for
modernizing agriculture, expanding
industry, developing science &
technology, & upgrading China’s
defense forces)
Deng Xiaoping
• FARMING: “responsibility
system” where each farm family
was responsible for making its own
living, including selling some of its
products to the gov’t & on the open
market for a profit (hmmmm….?)
• INDUSTRY: shifted emphasis
from heavy industry (mining &
weapons) to light industry
Deng Xiaoping
• which included consumer goods
• Deng introduced the “responsibility
system” to industry as well, where
factory managers were allowed to
make their own decisions and were
responsible for making a profit
• TRADE: ended China’s policy of
self-reliance & isolation
Deng Xiaoping
• Called for “open door” to foreign
trade & sent students abroad to
study science & tech.
• Allowed foreign companies to set
up in the SEZ (Special Economic
Zones), where they enjoy tax
benefits & free enterprise
flourishes
• Deng was more interested in
raising output than political purity
Deng Xiaoping
• EFFECTS: Brought surge of
growth and a better standard of
living for some Chinese
• But crime & corruption grew &
inequalities grew again as a new
wealthy class emerged
• Gap between poor rural farmers &
city dwellers grew
TIANANMEN SQUARE
• May 1989: Students, workers &
others supported a democracy
movement
• But Deng only allowed economic
reform, not political reform
• When they refused to disperse,
troops and tanks sent in
• Thousands were killed or wounded
TIANANMEN SQUARE
• Many were arrested and tortured,
some were put to death
• Crackdown showed China’s
Communist leaders were
determined to maintain control and
that order was more important than
political freedom
• Westerners pushed for end to
China’s human rights violations