Transcript RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Writing &
Presentation
(Part 1)
Presentation Outline
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Presentation &
publication of
research finding
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Writing a research
paper
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Writing dissertation
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Writing skill
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Seminar presentation
Presentation & Publication of
Research Finding
 Why must publish?
 Which publication?
 What to publish?
Why You Must Publish?
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To benchmark our research findings
To get response from others
To disseminate new findings / knowledge
To get good reputation
To get better promotion
To pass Ph.D./D.Eng./D.Sc. program
To satisfy academic interest
To develop intellectual tradition
Which Publication?
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Unpublished research report
Specialized magazine
Dissertation / Thesis
Monograph
Seminar proceeding
Book
Refereed/peer review journal
Specialized magazine
A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in
support of candidature for an academic degree or
professional qualification presenting the author's
research and findings
A monograph is a work of writing upon a single
subject, usually by a single author. It is often a
scholarly essay and may be released in the manner of
a book or journal article
Proceedings are the collection of academic papers
that are published in the context of an academic
conference. They are usually distributed as printed
books (or sometimes CDs) either before the
conference opens or after the conference has closed.
Proceedings contain the contributions made by
researchers at the conference.
Book is a set or collection of written, printed,
illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper,
parchment or other materials, usually fastened
together to hinge at one side. In library and
information science, a book is called a monograph
to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as
magazine, journal or newspapers.
Peer reviewed journal
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Peer review is a process of self-regulation by
a profession or a process of evaluation
involving qualified individuals within the
relevant field. Peer review methods are
employed to maintain standards, improve
performance and provide credibility. In
academia peer review is often used to
determine an academic paper’s suitability for
publication.
Impact metric of journal
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Impact factor
H-index
Eigenfactor
SCImago journal rank
Citation index
Impact factor
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Impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a
measure reflecting the average number of
citations to articles published in science and
social science journals. It is frequently used
as a proxy for the relative importance of a
journal within its field, with journals with
higher impact factors deemed to be more
important than those with lower ones.
The impact factor was devised by Eugene
Garfield, the founder of the Institute for
Scientific Information (ISI), now part of
Thomson Reuters.
Calculation
– A = the number of times articles published
in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed
journals during 2008.
– B = the total number of "citable items"
published by that journal in 2006 and 2007.
("Citable items" are usually articles,
reviews, proceedings, or notes; not
editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.)
– 2008 impact factor = A/B.
H-index
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The h-index is an index that
attempts to measure both the
productivity and impact of the
published work of a scientist or
scholar. The index is based on
the set of the scientist's most
cited papers and the number of
citations that they have received
in other publications.
The index can also be applied to
the productivity and impact of a
group of scientists, such as a
department or university or
country.
Eigenfactor
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Eigenfactor score, is a rating of the
total importance of a scientific journal.
Eigenfactor scores are intended to give
a measure of how likely a journal is to
be used, and are thought to reflect how
frequently an average researcher would
access content from that journal
SCImago Journal Rank
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SCImago Journal Rank (SJR indicator)
is a measure of scientific influence of
scholarly journals that accounts for both
the number of citations received by a
journal and the importance or prestige
of the journals where such citations
come from.
Citation index
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Citation index is a kind of bibliographic database, an
index of citation between publications, allowing the user
to easily establish which later documents cite which
earlier documents.
There are two publishers of general-purpose academic
citation indexes, available to libraries by subscription:
– ISI (now part of Thomson Scientific), which publishes
the ISI citation indexes in print and CD. They are now
generally accessed through the Web under the name
Web of Science, which is in turn part of the group of
databases in the Web of knowledge.
– Elsevier, which publishes Scopus, available online
only, which similarly combines subject searching with
citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and
social sciences.
Search engines
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Google Scholar
Scirus
CiteSeerX
getCITED
Scopus
ISI Web of Knowledge
Mendeley
Espacenet
Scirus
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Scirus is a comprehensive sciencespecific search engine. Like CiteSeerX
and Google Scholar, it is focused on
scientific information.
Scirus is owned and operated by
Elsevier
Scopus
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Scopus, now officially named SciVerse
Scopus, is a bibliographic datavase
containing abstract and citations for scholarly
journal articles. It covers nearly 18,000 titles
from more than 5,000 international
publishers, including coverage of 16,500
peer-reviewed journals in the scientific,
technical, medical and social sciences
(including arts and humanities) fields
What to Publish?
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Research methodology
Research data
Research analysis
Research experience
Research review
Research “proper”
Research perspective
Research methodology
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Publishing a guideline for solving a
problem, with specific components such
as phases, tasks, methods, techniques
and tools
Research data
Research
experience
Research
analysis
Research review
Writing a Research Paper
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Basic considerations
Finding a good topic
Finding suitable literature materials
Evaluating literature
Presenting research methodology
Compiling experimental data
Analysis & discussion
Formatting & illustrations
A sample of research paper
Basic Considerations
Research Paper
Before Writing Process
Which Publication?
Good Paper?
Steps in Writing
Format guidelines
Page allowed
Audience
The paper
The publication
The publisher
Single author?
Disstribution of work
Publication Procedure
Criteria of a Good Research Paper
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Published in a flagship refereed journal
Subject on frontier of knowledge
Research findings are original
Significant area of study
Published at the right timing
Minimum mistakes
Methodologically sound
Analytically sound
Grammatically sound
Clear diagram
References are up-to-date & significant
Correctly formatted
Finding a Good Topic
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Steps to a good topic:
 Choosing a topic that interests you
 Doing preliminary research
 Narrowing your topic
 Deciding which type of research paper
Step 
Choosing a topic that interests you
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“Biodegradation of chrysene, an
aromatic hydrocarbon by Polyporus sp.
S133 in liquid medium”
Step  Doing preliminary research
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Ujang Z. & Buckley C. (1999) “Molecular detection of
nitrifying bacteria in sludge of membrane bioreactor using
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)”. Wat.Res. 15 (2) 245252.
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Yamamoto K. & Urase T. (1999) “Analysis of bacterial
community in membrane bioreactor by fluorescent in situ
hybridyzation (FISH)”. Wat.Sci.Tech. 15 (2) 245-252.
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Wagner J. & Rosenwinkel K-H. (1999) “Sludge production
in membrane bioreactors under different conditions”. Proc.
Int. Conf. Membrane Tech. For Environ. Mgmt., Tokyo
Univ. & IAWQ, Tokyo, 1-4 Nov. 99, pp. 294-301.
Step 
Narrowing your topic
“Molecular detection of microbial
community using PCR, DGGE and
FISH in sludge from membrane
bioreactor”
Step 
Deciding which type of research paper
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Research methodology
Research data
Research analysis
Research experience
Research review
Research “proper”
Research perspective
Finding Sources for Research Paper
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Library
 Reference section
 Reserve section
 Periodical section
 Microfilm and microfiche section
 Books
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Experts on the subject matter
Internet
Evaluating Your Sources
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Primary or secondary sources
Evaluating your sources
 Relevant?
 Reliable?
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Taking notes
 Traditional system
 Copying machine system
Presenting Research Methodology
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Precise.
Normally not more than1 page.
Refer to other articles or books for details.
E.g. “Water quality analysis in this study is based
on the Standard Methods (1999).
Describe:
 How to do it (method)
 Equipment & materials
 Process & flow chart
 Duration
Compiling Experimental Data
Data can be presented in various forms:
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Graph
Table
Photo
etc.
Analysis & Discussion
 Should be 50% of the paper
 Relate to the theoretical part
 Supported by graphs, tables, photo etc.
 Formula can be written
 But no calculation be shown
 Analysis on experimental data:
 Compare with theory
 Compare with numerical results
 Compare with other works
 State the importance of the findings
Formatting & Illustrations
 Follow the guideline prepared by the
publisher
 Principles:
 To help to clarify your written explanation
 Simple presentation
 Easy to understand
 Related to the theoretical derivation
 < 10 (graph + table etc.)
SAMPLE
Excellent research
paper
Finding
Basic
a good topic
considerations : Chrysene, a Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon
•Finding suitable literature materials
•Evaluating literature
Presenting research
methodology
Compiling experimental data
Writing A Dissertation
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Level of dissertations
Dissertation vs Research paper
Formatting
Examples of a good and a bad
dissertation
Level of Dissertations
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Undergraduate dissertation
Masters dissertation
Doctoral dissertation
Important
Message
Undergraduate Dissertation
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Training basis
No significant academic contribution
Evaluation on:
 Writing skill
 Presentation
 Sequence and formatting
 Data analysis
Dissertation vs Research Paper
Items
Dissertation
 200 pp
Whole research
1 Ph.D.
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1 M.Sc.
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1 B.Sc.
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Writer
Amateur
Writing
Relatively easy
Presentation Full research data
Format
University-based
Publication Unpublished
Size
Scope
Research Paper
 8 pp
Portion of research
4 research papers
2 research papers
1 research paper
Professional
Difficult
Simplified & selected
Journal-based
Published
Formatting & Illustration
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Follow the university’s guideline
Sequence of chapters
Font, size, spacing, etc.
Figure head
Table head
References
Appendix
Sequence of Chapters
Model A
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Introduction
Literature review
Aim & objectives
Methodology
Results
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusion &
Recommendation
Model B
Introduction
Aim & Objectives
Literature review
Methods & Materials
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
References
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Ujang Z. (1999) Molecular detection of
microbial community in sludge of membrane
bioreactor. Wat.Sci.Tech. 78 (5) 230-238.
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Buckley C.A. (1999) Membrane Processes.
John Wiley, London, pp. 23-25.
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Ujang Z. & Buckley C.A. (1999) Sludge age
modeling in MBR. Proc. Int. Conf. Membrane
Tech. For Environ. Mgmt., Tokyo Univ. &
IAWQ, Tokyo, Nov 1-4, pp. 23-30.
Thank you