Transcript social interest - Northside College Prep High School

Psychodynamic Theories:
Neo-Freudians
Sam Olver, Nate Puccini, Brandon
Garcia, Kent Fremon, Colleen
Hoffman, and Genevieve Beck-Roe
Psychodynamic Theory
• Psychodynamics is defined as the interplay of motivational forces
that gives rise to the expression of mental processes, as in attitudes,
behavior, or symptoms.
– This theory is based on the premise that human behavior and
relationships are shaped by conscious and unconscious
influences.
– There are two different mental forces involved: the interaction of
emotional forces that affect behavior and mental states on a
subconscious level, and the inner forces affecting emotional and
motivational that affect behavior and states of mind.
– Shaped by such notable psychologists such as Sigmund Freud,
Ernst von Brucke, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and others.
– By the mid 1940’s to the early 1950’s the general application of
‘dynamic psychology’ had been established.
Psychodynamic and neo-freudian theories.
Karen Horney
• Developed Horney’s Theory of Neurosis
– Focused on environmental impacts on
neurosis instead of biological
– Viewed neurosis as a method to make daily
life “bearable”
– Describes neurotic needs that need to be met,
such as the needs to socialize, achieve, hold
power and receive affection
• If these needs are not met, the person enters a
state of anxiety
Boeree, C.G.
Karen Horney Cont’d
• In order to cope with some of these unmet
needs, Horney describes 3 methods to
deal with them:
- Compliance (for affection/approval)
- Aggression (for power)
- Withdrawal (for independence/achievement)
Boeree, C.G.
Basic Anxiety
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Children need parents for food, shelter, etc
As such, children will remain with parents
Mistreatment by parents leads to hostility
Paradox of dependency and hostility leads
to deep insecurity
AbsoluteAstronomy.com.
Alfred Adler
• Student of Sigmund Freud
• Constructed the school of individual
psychology
– Compared everyday human behavior in to individual
life goals
• Developed the theory of the inferiority
complex
Fisher, Molly.
Inferiority Complex
• The theory states that people have a
tendency to feel inadequate and inferior
to others, and as a result strive towards
achievements for self-fulfillment
• Start out as a weak and helpless child
and work to overcome those
deficiencies
Psychodynamic and neo-freudian theories.
Social Interest
• An interest in furthering the welfare of
others
• Necessary as a social species
• Both inborn and learned
• Must be nurtured
• For Adler, lack of social concern is the
definition of mental ill-health
Alfred Adler lecture.
Creative Self
• Desire to consciously shape our
personalities and destinies
• Heredity abilities, environment gives
impressions
• Construct our individual attitudes toward
life and our relations to the outside world
• The individual is responsible for himself
My Webspace files
Carl Jung
• Known as a rival of Freud
– Developed theories about dreams, some of
which disagreed with Freud
– Believed that dreams related to our lives and
functioned as a tool to help us develop
• Founded a school of analytical psychology
after diverging away from Freud’s theories
• Analytical psychology focuses on the collective
unconscious as well as balancing opposing
aspects in one’s personality
Barrows, Andrew.
Collective Unconsciousness
• “There exists a second psychic system of
a collective, universal, and impersonal
nature which is identical in all individuals”
• “This collective unconscious does not
develop individually but is inherited”
• Why people in different cultures share
certain myths and images
Myers
Archetypes
• Archetypes, according to Carl Jung, are innate universal psychic
dispositions that form the basics of human life.
• Archetypes form a dynamic set of standards that can be applied to
all of humanity, on which the individual develops his own life
experiences and builds a unique array of psychological
characteristics.
• While archetypes are nothing more but nebulous forms, they inspire
art, literature, and other forms of expression and other patterns of
behavior; even though these emerging images can be consciously
created, it is the archetypes that inspire elementary parts of these
creations.
– To put it more simply, archetypes are inherited potentials which
are actualized upon entering consciousness, or manifested in
behavior with the outside world.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Persona
• Developed by Carl Jung
– One of the Jungian archetypes
– Public image that people adapt and change
depending on surroundings
Encyclopedia Britannica
Anima, animus
• Animus
– Masculine side of female
• Anima
– Feminine side of male
• Drive us to find the perfect mate based on
our own inner opposite gender
• Projected unto others when searching for
mates
Psychodynamic and neo-freudian theories.
Introversion vs. Extroversion
• A central dimension in human personality
• Terms popularized by Jung
• Extroverts (extraverts)
– Social, assertive, outgoing, gregarious
• Introverts
– More reserved, less sociable, less outgoing
– Not social discomfort but social preference
• Typically viewed as a continuum
– Jung disagrees, says everyone has each side
with one being more dominant
Encyclopedia Britannica
Projective Tests
• A projective test is a personality test designed to reveal
hidden emotions and internal conflicts based on reactions to
ambiguous stimuli. This differs from an objective test, in which
responses are analyzed via a universal standard.
– The responses to these tests are analyzed for meaning
rather than presuppositions of meaning [which would be in
the category of objective tests].
– Due to their reliance on clinical judgment, they lack validity
and reliability due to the lack of any means to compare the
results to.
• These tests have their roots in psychoanalytic psychology,
which argues that human beings are motivated by conscious
and unconscious desires and forces.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Projective Tests: TAT
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Thematic Apperception Test, developed in the 1930’s by American psychologists
Henry A. Murray and Christina D. Morgan of Harvard in an attempt to map out human
personalities.
The TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation technique, which uses a
standard series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures to inspire subjects to create
the most dramatic story that they can.
– This includes:
• What has led up to the event shown
• What is currently happening
• What the characters emotional/mental reactions are
• What the outcome of the story was
Like the Rorschach test, the TAT is used to analyze projected emotional results from
a subject onto ambiguous images.
The two most commonly utilized methods of analysis are:
– Defense Mechanism Manual (DMM), which assesses the defense mechanisms
of denial, projection, and identification.
– Social Cognition and Object Relations (SCOR), which measures four different
dimensions of object relations: complexity of representations of people, affecttone of relationship paradigms, capacity for emotional investment in relationships
and moral standards, and the understanding of social causality.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Projective Tests: Rorschach
• Subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are analyzed through interpretation.
• Created by Hermann Rorschach in 1922, who was able to form the
basis of the test and the scoring procedure before his death shortly
after.
• The test is not evaluated on the tester’s responses alone. Rather,
the time taken to formulate a response is studied, any comments
alongside the response, and notes on the determinants (the aspects
that triggered the response, i.e. color) and location (the details that
trigger specific responses) are all considered to be equally important
as the direct response.
– Content is classified in terms of ‘human’, ‘nature’, ‘animal’,
‘abstract’, etc.
– The Exner Scoring System, or Rorschach Comprehensive
System, is the standard model for evaluating Rorschach test
results.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Criticisms of Psychoanalytic
Theories
• Poor testability
– psychoanalytic concepts are difficult to test
• Inadequate evidence
– not enough evidence to support theories
• Sexism
– there was a very masculine view in society,
which caused bias in theories.
Abele, C. , Cronmiller, L., DeZurik, A.,
Hudson, J., Marinos, D., Ogborn, M.,
and Pellicier, M.; Huffman, K.
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Works Cited
Abele, C. , Cronmiller, L., DeZurik, A., Hudson, J., Marinos, D., Ogborn, M., and Pellicier, M. (1993). Contemporary Critical
Theory. Psychoanalytic Criticisms.
"Alfred Adler." My Webspace files. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/adler.html>.
"Alfred Adler lecture." Sonoma State University. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/Adler.html>.
archetype. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32765/archetype
Barrows, Andrew. Cark Jung. 15 March 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/fghij/jung_carl.html
"Basic Anxiety: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article."AbsoluteAstronomy.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Basic_Anxiety>.
Boeree, C.G. (1997). Karen Horney: 1885-1952. Personality theories. 15 March 2010.
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/horney.html.
Fisher, Molly. (2001). Alfred Adler. 15 March 2010. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fairprojects/project_apa_format_examples.shtml.
Huffman, K.(2007). Psychology in Action. Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theories.
introvert and extravert. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/292139/introvert
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Jung, C. G.. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. New York: Pantheon Books, 1959. Print.
http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/adler.html
Mitchell, Gregory. "Alfred Adler & Adlerian Individual Psychology." Trans4mind - Personal Development - Tools for
Transformation. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010. <http://www.trans4mind.com/mind-development/adler.html>.
Myers, David G.. Psychology, 8th Edition, David Myers. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2007. Print.
Persona. (2010). Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved (2010, March 15)
fromhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452918/persona
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personality assessment. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453022/personality-assessment
projective test. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/478512/projective-test
"PTypes - Basic Anxiety."PTypes Personality Types. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.
<http://www.ptypes.com/basic_anxiety.html>.
Rorschach Test. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica
Online:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509580/Rorschach-Test