Transcript Slide 1

Power Trading in South Asia :
Geo-politics and Opportunities
Prof Mahendra P Lama
School of International Studies
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
&
Founding Vice Chancellor
Central University of Sikkim
11 December 2012
Energy Security : Dual Dimensions
South Asian countries : two crucial perspectives
i) sustainable development
ii) security-militaristic angle.
Sustainable development : energy security impinges upon :
economic, environmental and social developments.
South Asia : very nature and direction of
sources of energy supplies,
demand, consumption and distribution and
related geo-politics call for a regional approach to energy security
Macro depiction : energy resources distribution and use.
Oil and Gas Resources of South Asian Countries
Item
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri
Lanka
Oil (MTOE)
Resource Potential
0.96
0.0
5576
0.0
0.0
3600
0.0
Proved Resources
0.96
0.0
1570
0.0
0.0
107
0.0
Used so far
0.10
0.0
830
0.0
0.0
68
0.0
Available Resources
0.86
0.0
740
0.0
0.0
39
0.0
Current
Production/Yr.
0.0
0.0
33.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
-
0.0
22.4
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
Resource Potential
814.5
0.0
2328***
0.0
0.0
7985
0.0
Proved Resources
578.3
0.0
1380
0,0
0.0
1284
0.0
Used so far
144.1
0.0
460
0.0
0.0
488
0.0
Available Resources
434.2
0.0
920
0.0
0.0
795
0.0
Current
Production/Yr.
11.9
0.0
32
0.0
0.0
34
0.0
36
0.0
29
0.0
0.0
23
0.0
Resource/
Production Ratio
Gas (BCM)
Resource/
Production Ratio
Coal and Hydro Resources of South Asian Countries
Item
Bangladesh* Bhutan India
Maldives Nepal
Sri
Pakistan Lanka
Coal (MT)
Resource potential
2715
0.0
245,690
0.0
5.0**
185,000
0.0
Proved Resources
724
0.0
91631
0.0
5.0
3300
0.0
Used so far
0.0
0.0
NA
0.0
0.1
~ 200
0.0
Available Resources
724
0,0
91631
0.0
4.9
3100
0.0
1
0.0l
~ 410
0.0
0.1
3.3
0.0
724
0.0
~ 200
0.0
49
939
0.0
Resource potential
775
50,000
301,000
0.0
42,915
40,000
2000
Utilized Resources
230
420
29500
0.0
527
6500
1250
Used so far
30
1.4
10.2
0.0
1.2
16
62.5
Current
production/Yr.
Resource/ Proved
Ratio
Hydro Potential
(MW)
*
Macro depiction : energy resources distribution and use.
Sources : Skewedly distributed.
Therefore - no individual nation in South Asia could ensure
and endure energy security alone.
Interdependence and sustained cross border exchanges :
the only way out
Geo-politics Dimensions
Energy security : entangled in the geo-politics of the region.
India’s centrality : size and its exclusive geographical location
Shares common border with all
No other two countries have common borders.
17 provincial states (out of 28) have international land borders.
Borders - represent the galore of opportunities
Area and Population in the Border Regions
No. of States
17
No. of Districts
94
No. of Blocks
350
No. of Villages
19488
Population
Area
Length of Border
37.72 million
2,40,475.47 sq. kms.
15,106.7 kms.
India has 15106.7 Km of land border running through 94
districts in 17 States. These States in the country have one or
more international borders and can be regarded as frontline
States from the point of view of border management.
Various cooperation / integration ventures
(various energy related ideas, projects and linkages)
hindered in the past
by narrow politico-strategic interpretations of these borders.
Cooperation implies :
sharing of resources, geographical locations
and even physical and social infrastructures
This also means sharing of national control over them.
Abandoning of national control :
imply loss of national sovereignty.
Bangladesh (gas) and Nepal (hydel resources).
Brings an element of reluctance and
introduces withdrawal syndrome
from regional cooperation process.
Examples : gas from Bangladesh
Hydel power projects like Karnali, Pancheswar
and Rapti in Nepal.
Tackling of this perception about losing national sovereignty
is a major issue
Equally true of India :
Tripartite Agreement between
India-Myanmar-Bangladesh to import
pipeline gas from Myanmar via Bangladesh – Jan 2005
India : a major policy shift :
i) Bilateral to trilateral
ii) Given the negotiation to
Ministry of Petroleum
Ministry of External Affairs will be consulted
India did not agree to Bangladeshi conditions :
i) Trade corridor to Nepal and Bhutan,
ii) Direct power import from Bhutan and
management of trade deficit
These are reasonable demands in context of steady liberalization
and economic integration initiatives in the region
India has to now bear a very heavy cost
of diverting gas pipeline
through its own territory alone in Assam
Or
forget the pipeline.
In the process it has forgone opportunity to
make substantive geo-strategic and
socio-economic gains in the long run.
Including : Access to gas in Bangladesh,
Transit corridor to North East India through Bangladesh
And Cross border movement of people
in search of better livelihood.
For India, reduce a huge transaction/transport
costs in its development supplies to NE region.
Core content of Look East Policy
Will also open up other vistas of cooperation :
use of Bangladeshi ports,
industrial cooperation based on exchange
of local raw materials from across the border
and the possibility of gas trading.
Security- militaristic plane :
energy insecurity could bring
large-scale instability in South Asia
Electrification of Households in South Asia
Country
Population
(Millions)
% of Rural
Population
Total No. of
Households
(Millions)
Afghanistan
22.2
80
4.4
6
Bangladesh
143.8
78
28.76
33
0.7
79
0.14
31
India
1064
72
199.7m
56.0
Maldives
0.34
90
0.068
90
Nepal
23.15
84
4.63
31
Pakistan
148.7
80
29.74
50
Sri Lanka
19.3
84
3.86
67
Bhutan
% of
Electrified
Households
External front :
predominantly dependent on external sources
Supply and price risks : inject insecurity and
Increase economic vulnerabilities
Import Dependence of Energy Sector
in South Asia Region
Countries
Import Dependence
with respect to Total
Energy
Import Dependence
With respect to
commercial Energy
Afghanistan
3
60
Bangladesh
13
30
Bhutan
9
24
India
22
29
Maldives
59
100
Nepal
11
87
Pakistan
18
26
Sri Lanka
41
78
Therefore from both conceptual perspectives of
i) sustainable development
ii) security-militaristic angle
essentiality of rational management of natural resources
in the South Asian countries aimed at optimizing
socio-economic benefit and
minimizing the security-militaristic instabilities
are very germane and critical.
Directly implies : choice is singularly limited
to cooperation and integration
Scope for Cross Border Energy Trade
Two primary hypotheses :
i) Cross border Energy trade with a comprehensive
regional grid and pipeline network will
act as a major confidence
building project in making the process of economic
integration in SAARC a reality
ii) Cross border energy trade could ultimately be
a panacea for many of the development ills in this
region particularly for the 5 LDCs.
Basic Premise
Cross border energy trade can lead to :
#
#
Reduced cost per unit of energy supplied and
losses in the systems
#
#
#
Bridging of seasonality gaps
Accelerated availability of supplies to meet
suppressed demand.
Improved system reliability and quality of supply
Integrated transmission and distribution systems
that could reduce energy supply costs
Equally vital : generation of chain of stakeholders
Confidence Building :
New and sturdy agents and stakeholders :
power producers, distributors, traders,
transmission and grid operators , pipeline builders,
credit donors, technology exporters,
managerial and users like
industries, households, transports and agriculture.
They have tremendous absorptive capacity
of shocks emanating from any major
political actions, apprehensions
and dislocations. They prevent conflictual precipitations.
Positive Stake holding as a CBM
Most glaring aspect in contemporary South Asia
non-existence of peace and cooperation constituency
Therefore CBMs used in the past in South Asia
need to be re-evaluated, re-designed and re-built.
So far India and Pakistan extensively depended
on military and political CBMs.
Last 50 years no political and
military CBMs have sustained.
.
Or even if they have sustained they
have remained totally emasculated
CBMs were addressed to only those who had
serious stake holding in perpetuating conflict
and keeping conflict alive.
This meant that the stakeholders thrived on the
adverse situations
They are in microscopic minority, they have
somehow been able to closely align with the
power echelons
and marginalize overwhelming majority.
So, Non-Military CBMs are very critical
This makes us ponder over vital question of
designing new CBMs
like Gas Pipeline and Cross Border Power Inter-connections
As there are stake holders in keeping the conflict alive,
there are stake holders for building the peace.
We have not adequately addressed ourselves to the latter.
Need of the day : Emphasis on Economic & Commercial CBMs
Stakeholders outside the government – state conglomeration
are emerging to be vital and decisive.
However in the same South Asia ,
the CBMs built by the
economic stakeholders have mostly sustained.
India’s relations with the smaller neighbours
including Nepal, Bhutan,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
have several examples to offer .
There have been serious geo-political crises
these countries have faced vis-à-vis India
but they have been remarkably momentary and
have showed urgent recovery mainly
because of large scale
economic stake holding on both sides of the border.
Contrastingly striking : India-Pakistan relations : there has
been no such stake holding in economic-commercial sector
Whatever stake holding they have, they are unfortunately all
on the side of keeping the conflict alive.
For example, the arms purchase lobby, smuggling syndicates
and the Dubai based traders.
So, higher the possibility of conflict between India & Pakistan,
the better and wider are opportunities & avenues
for these negative stake holders, to maximise their gains.
This is despite close physical proximity, cost effectiveness,
product complementarities,
socio-cultural bonds and availability of basic infrastructure
developed during the pre-independence period.
Gas pipeline and power inter-connections
will bring positive stakeholding into prominence.
It will be a win-win situation for the region and the world.
There will be conscious and constant efforts
to thwart and abort this process.
We can infact see this happening in
Iran-Pakistan-India Gas pipeline project.
However, the changing nature of economic actors
and their increasing support base
in the civil society are rather forcing policy designers
on both sides of the border to procreate modalities
for such positive stakeholding.
Increasing Demand-Supply Gaps in energy sector
Likely to deepen further
Tremendous Domestic pressures
Borders as Opportunities : Fast Emerging
New Actors are emerging
Federal Units are becoming more vocal and powerful
Bangladesh
“ Energy crisis puts economy at risk”,
“Bangladesh PM Orders 1hr Outage Every Alternate
Hour”,
The Daily Star, Dhaka, April 6 and 8, 2010
Nepal
“Power cut back to 12 hours”,
REPUBLICA, KATHMANDU, April 3, 2010
Pakistan
“Power crisis : Punjab government decides to cease
Commercial activities after sunset,”
The Business Recorder, Thursday, April 22, 2010
SAARC Power Exchange
Three Options :
1 Bilateral
2 Third Country Option :
Import from Bhutan, Nepal and other non-SAARC
countries
3 Regional Power Pool Options
1
•
Bilateral Options : Success Stories
India - Bhutan Energy Exchange:
Long term PPAs with Department of Energy, Bhutan
Chhukha HEP (336 MW); Kurichu HEP (60 MW)
Tala HEP
(1020 MW)
Run-of –the River Projects : 4 Hrs peaking
Electricity export – over 84% of total generation [1,494 MW]
Internal consumption ~ 1152 MU (Peak load 187.5MW)
Annual export ~ 5922 MU
Electricity Sale revenue US $ 203 million per annum
[47% of national revenue].
A number of hydro projects under development
in Bhutan 10,000 MW by year 2020
T
SIKKIM
BHUTAN
Tala HEP
Chukha
(1020MW)
Tintibi K
Siliguri
(22
0K
V)
(4
00
KV
)
(336MW)
Geylegp
(132 KV)
Salaka
Siliguri Birpara
Bongaigaon
Dhalig
Agia
Purnea
Dalkhola
WEST
BANGLADESH
BENGAL
M
•
India - Nepal Energy Exchange
100- 150 MW power ( Total export-import
annual volume 300-400 MU)
Arrangements/ tariff agreed under bilateral
Power Exchange Committee
Bi-lateral energy trade ( export to Nepal) based
on commercial terms
2007-08: 15 MU
2008-09: 50 MU
Limited exchange due to inter-connection limitations
400kV Transmission Inter-connection under development
Hydro-electric projects for export under development in Nepal
Nepal
- Lost Opportunities
Avg. annual runoff: 225 billion m3
Theoretical hydro potential 83,000 MW
- about 2.6% of world’s hydro power capacity
Economically viable : 43,000 MW
So far harnessed : Total Iinstalled capacities
in Nepal is 687 MW.
Nepal-
1911- 2010 : Added hardly 6 MW per annum
Bhutan -
1967 – 2011 : Added 34 MW per annum
2
Third Country Option
Afghanistan signed a MOU to provide ‘TRANSIT’
electricity as part of the Central Asia South Asia
Regional Electricity Market [CASAREM]
Afghanistan will benefit from the CASAREM
transmission line and will be able to meet its
future needs as steep growth is expected
(especially for Kabul and vicinity)
Existing Transmission Lines
Uzbekistan to Mazar-i
Sharif
110kV
Turkmenistan
To Andkoh & other
Border towns
110kV
Turkmenistan
to Herat
220kV
Operating at 110kV
Iran to Herat
132kV
+
20kV
Border towns
Iran to Zaranj
20kV
Tajikistan to
Kundoz
110kV
Operating at 20kV
India-China Border
Exactly fits into “develop-the-west” campaign
launched in China in 2000 and generation of surplus power
in Indian Himalayan States in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh
China’s western region covers 2/3 rd of the nation’s territory,
Population 23 percent of the national total.
Nine provinces : Gansu, Guizhou, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang and Yunnan.
Plenty of land and natural resources
Eastern China’s 14000 km long coastlines
brought fortunes to China
in the last two decades,
Now : western China with 3500 km land frontier lines
that will become second golden area of reopening.
Huge demand for power
Gangtok-Lhasa Trade Route
N
%
LHASA
(4000m.57km
.)
#
TSANGPO
BRIDGE
(4000m., 17km.)
#
SHIGATSE #
(3860m.)
Friendshi
p
PANAM DZONG
(3800m.)
#
GYANTSE
(3990m.,10km.)
#
NENYING #
(4400m.,
13km.) #
SAPUGANG
(4300m.,
24km.)
#
SIMI LA
(4400m.,
15km.)
#
·
#
#
#
#
CHUSUL (4200m.,
3.5km.)
KHAMBA LA
(4794m.,
YASIK #
30km.)
(4390m.,
19km.) # NAKARTSE
(4410m.,28km
KARO LA(4960m.,
.)
41km.)
KANGMAR
(4600m.,26km.)
GALA
(4400m.,33km.)
TUNA (4800m., 19km.)
TANG LA #
(5060m., 13km.)
INDIA
#
SIKKIM
GANGTOK
#
PHARI DZONG (5000m.,
38km.)
#
YATUNG (1600m.,
31km.)
NATHU LA (4350m.54km.)
%
(1800m., 0km.)
#
RANGP
O
WEST BENGAL
LEGEN
D TRADE
#
#
To
SEVO Guwahati
KkkKK
K
SILIGURI(136m.,128k
ROUTE
LA
(PASS)
BRIDG
E
Map Not To Scale
3
Regional Power Pool
Options
• Some Successful Power Pools based
examples of energy exchange
Regional
Arrangement
Member Countries
Union
for
the Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands,
Coordination
of Luxemburg, Austria, Germany, Switzerland and now
Transmission
of extended to Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic,
Electricity (UTCE)
Hungary, Slovenia and Croatia.
Nord Pool
Norway, Sweden, Finland & Denmark
North
American United States and Canada.
Electric
Reliability
Council (NERC)
Southern
African South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Malawi,
Power Pool (SAPP),
Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana, Angola, Swaziland &
Tanzania
The Commission of
Regional Power
Integration (CIER)
Jordan, Bahrain, Tunisia, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Syria,
Libya, Egypt, Morocco, Mauritania, Yemen, Iraq,
Lebanon, Palestine, Dubai and Qatar
South America, power
trading
Argentina, Paraguay & Uruguay. Central America
SOUTHERN AFRICAN GRID
Gabon
Nairobi
Rwanda
Dem Rep
of the Congo
Brazzaville
Kenya
H
Congo
Burundi
Kinshasa
Tanzania
H
H
Luanda
H
H
H
Angola
Malawi
Zambia
Mozambique
H
Lilongwe
H
H
Lusaka
H
H
H
T
Harare
H
H
H
H
H
H
T
H
H
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Botswana
H
Windhoek
T
ET
Gaborone
Pretoria
Johannesburg
South Africa
T
ETET
ET
ET
ETET
ETETET
ET
ET
P
Lesotho
Cape Town
N
P
T
Maputo
Mbabane
Swaziland
H
H
H
Hydro station
Pumped storage scheme
T
Thermal Station
ET
Eskom thermal station
H
P
South East Asia :
Greater Mekong Sub-region
5 countries
Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic,
Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam
+ 2 provinces in PRC
Yunnan and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region
Area 2.6 mn km2
Population >313 mn (~5% of world population)
150
100
26
13
30
Hydropower
Resources, GW
Total: 334 GW
15
Generation in Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam (315
MW + 1,931 MW)
Transmission and distribution in Cambodia,
Laos, PRC and Viet Nam
Present Power Trade
Bilateral agreements
Hydropower export/import (150 MW Nam Ngum 1,
40 MW Xeset)
Hydropower exports from Laos to Thailand (e.g.
210 MW Theun Hinboun, 150 MW Houay Ho)
Various border power trade between countries
(e.g. Malaysia-Thailand, Thailand-Laos, Laos-Viet
Nam)
2,000 MW
5,000 MW
3,000 MW
Planned power
exports
• GMS- Cross Border Power Interconnections
• 500 kV DC Interconnection (PRC – Lao PDR –
Thailand)
• 500 kV GMS Power Interconnection (Thailand –
Lao PDR – Viet Nam)
• 115 kV Line (Southern Lao PDR to Cambodia):
• GMS Power Transmission Project (Cambodia):
ongoing ADB funded project (target completion:
2008)
• 115 kV Line (Viet Nam to Cambodia):
GMS- Developing the Grid Interconnection
Infrastructure
Focus:
• Essential physical power interconnection until 2020
• Harmonization of transmission planning, design,
and operational practices (performance standards)
• Power infrastructure database design and
implementation
Regional Indicative Master Plan on Power
Interconnection (2002)
Regional Master Plan to be developed as agreed by
GMS members in January 2006
Several Bilateral Options in South Asia
Exchange of power between
India and Bangladesh
on both sides: techno-economically viable.
India's proposed Power Import from Pakistan
1998 Pakistan’s offer to India to sale
surplus power
Discussions : Power Grid Corporation
of India Limited (PGCIL) and WAPDA led various
independent power producers (IPPs) in Pakistan
2nd Draft of the Interconnection and Operating
Agreement was discussed on 1 February 1999
Tariff : major stumbling block
WAPDA offered : US 7.2 cents/KWH
While Indian side offered : US 2.25 cents
Negotiations broke off
Transmission Arrangement
Pakistan - 500 KV primary transmission system
Extending from Jamshoro in the south to Tarbela and
Peshawar in the north.
Lines run very much near to the adjoining borders
of India
May not require complex transmission extensions :
Designated substations
Dinanath (Lahore) in Pakistan and
Patti (Punjab) in India.
"There is a complete network
on our side and of course
on their (India) side as well.
What we need are the
connections,
which would take only a
couple of weeks".
Statement by the Power
Minister of Pakistan Gohar
Ayub Khan,
Location of Power Generation Facilities in Bangladesh
along India-Bangladesh Border
Location
(MW)
Near Mizoram Borders
716
Kaptai Hydro Electric
Raujan Steam Turbine
Sikal Baha ST
Sikal Bawa GT
Near Tripura Borders
Shahjibazar GT
Shajibazar GT
Ashuganj ST
Ashuganj ST
Ashuganj combined cycle
Ashuanj GT
180
420
60
56
890
96
70
128
450
90
56
Approx
distance
30-70 Kms
30-50 Kms
Location Power Generation Facilities in India
along India-Bangladesh Border
Location
West Bengal
Capacity
(MW)
2000
Approx
distance
20 – 30
Kms
Farakka thermal Station 2000
ST
Assam
240
Bongaigaon ST
Tripura
240
116
Rokhia GT
Agartala GT
32
84
60 – 70
Kms
10 – 20
Kms
Large Number of Grid Substations
at 220-230/132 KV levels
on both side of the border.
Some of these substations are so close :
could be interconnected at a very nominal cost
and within a very brief time span
to facilitate power exchange/trading.
Cities/town, such as Agartala, Rokhia and Farakka
on the Indian side of the border,
located on the border itself or extremely close to it.
These existing substations supplying power
in their own territory
could serve the neighboring towns in Bangladesh as well.
List of Substations Located very near to the Border
Sub-Station
on Bangladesh Side
Sub-Station
on Indian Side
Approx.
Distance
Approx.
Cost
INRs
Million
230/132 KV
Hathazari (3*150 MVA)
NA
Comilla (N) (3*75 MVA)
Rokhia
30
60
Ashuganj (2* 150 MVA)
Agartala
50
100
Ishurdi (9 * 75 MVA)
Gokarna
100
200
132/33 KV s/s
Hathazari
(2*63MVA)/Chandroghona
NA
Dohazari (2*40 MVA)
NA
Cox’s Bazar (2*40 MVA)
NA
Comilla (N) (1*40 MVA)
Rokhia Trip.
30
36
Comilla (S) (4*41 MVA)
Rokhia Trip.
(Assam)
30
36
Fenchuganj (2*20 MVA)
Badarpur 132
80
96
Trading/Exchange of Small quantities of Power
between India and Bangladesh
Large number of points exist along
India-Bangladesh border where distance
of interconnections
between the two sides may be well
within 20 to 60 kms.
21 grid substations combining both sides
at 230/132 KV levels where distance
from the border is less than 20kms.
Grid interconnections on two sides
would permit larger power flows and
would integrate the two Grid systems
to bring them to same frequencies.
Post - Manmohan Singh - Sheikh Hasina Meeting, Jan 2010
•MOU signing is done
• A high level Steering Committee set up.
• Joint Interconnection Study (Ishurdi, BangladeshBahrampur, India) is being done
• Potential Bilateral Energy Cooperation under consideration
• Power Import of at least 500 MW from Western
Interconnection (Bangladesh- West Bengal)
• Power Import of at least 300-500 MW from Eastern
Interconnection (Bangladesh- Tripura)
• Regional Grid construction for power trade
• Human Resource Development of Utility professionals
• Joint Venture Power Generation Projects, especially large
coal power projects
Singh-Hasina Dhaka Meeting – Sept 2011
MoU for cooperation in the Renewable Energy
sector between the two countries :
supplement the conventional sources.
Urged expeditious conclusion of
Power Purchase Agreement between BPDB and NTPC
for purchase of 250MW power from India by
Bangladesh.
It would also procure additional 250MW of power
from the open market in India utilizing the full
capacity of power Transmission line being
established through inter-grid
Connectivity at Bheramara and Behrampur.
Noted that BPDB and NTPC Joint Venture
Agreement for setting up
of 1320MW coal based power plant in Bagerhat.
Conducting of feasibility reports for setting
up of a similar 1320MW coal based power
plant at a suitable location in
Chittagong.
MA-HVDC
TP-HVDC
MA-HVDC/BB
MPHVDC
South Asia Energy Ring
Central Asia
Afghanistan
Nepal
Pakistan
Iran
Bhutan
Technology Transfer/
Cooperation
India
Myanmar
Bangladesh
South East Asia
Electricity
Gas
Technology Transfer/
Cooperation
Sri Lanka
Maldives
SAARC SUMMIT Declarations
• Islamabad Declaration 2004 : Concept of Energy Ring .
•Dhaka Declaration 2005
• Establishment of the SAARC Energy Centre to promote development
of energy resources and energy trade in the region;
•Colombo Summit 2008
- Concept of Regional Inter-governmental Framework
•Colombo Meeting of Energy Ministers 2009
-Pursuing Energy Ring and Formation of Sectoral Expert Groups
(e.g. gas, electricity, renewable energy etc.)
Thimphu Summit- April 2010
Authorized the SAARC Energy Centre in Islamabad
to prepare an Action Plan on Energy Conservation
Noted India’s proposal to prepare a Roadmap for developing
SAARC Market for Electricity (SAME) on a regional basis.
South Asia - Cooperation Challenges
Geo-political immunisation of energy sector cooperation
De-politicisation and De-securitisation of deals
though hard to practice, will also do away with
unnecessary national prejudices.
• Just one Single Cross Border three country Project
• Goodwill and confidence building
• Integrate regional energy planning
• Arrange/meet large fund requirements-Private sector priority
•Linkages, physical infrastructure ( Transmission, gas pipe)
• Graduate from bilateral to multi-lateral
• Create competitive regional power market
• Build institutional and HR capacity building
Thank You