Transcript RSA3408A Advanced Applications (Hands

Introduction to
Real-Time Spectrum Analysis.
TRIGGER
CAPTURE
Gary Swinton
RTSA Product Specialist UK
1
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
ANALYZE
Agenda
 Overview of Real Time Spectrum Analysis Concepts
– Current Spectrum Analysis challenges
– What is Real Time Spectrum Analysis
 Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
– Unique Triggering
– Seamless Capture
– Powerful Analysis
 Applications and Demo
 Overview of Tektronix Real Time Spectrum Analyser family.
 Q&A
2
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Technology Trends in RF
Wireless is everywhere
Accelerating shift to Digital RF, fully
leveraging computer technologies
RF prevalent across a broad range of
industries
Crowded RF spectrum
Increased surveillance and
intelligence gathering
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
The world of RF today…..
 The growth is in “Digital RF”
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Consumer, commercial, military …
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Digital devices with RF interfaces
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DSP replacing analog signal processing
 RF signals are more complex
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Precisely timed bursts
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Frequency hopping
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Spectral and modulation changes over time
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Limited Spectrum availability.
 Existing tools are not adequate
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SA and VSA have limitations, a new solution is required
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The time dimension can no longer be ignored
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Need to identify transient and random events.
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Evolution of Signal Analysis Techniques
SA
VSA
RTSA
1990s
TODAY
Encryption
Military signal intelligence
Cell phones
Complex digital modulation
• Congested RF spectrum
• Pervasiveness of low cost RF
in consumer electronics
• Growth of DSP-based,
modulation-agile
communication systems
1960s
Market
Drivers
• Military
• Communication systems
• Emerging solid state
technology
Measurement • High frequency
measurements
Challenges
• Analog modulation
Solutions
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July 18, 2015
• RF power vs. frequency
• Low noise floor
• High dynamic range
•
•
•
•
• Digital Demodulation
• Emergence of Standards
• Time-varying, bursted,
and transient RF signals
• Complexity of wireless
communication standards
• Digital modulation
analysis
• Flexible time-correlated
multi-domain analysis
• Seamless capture of RF
signals changing over time
• Frequency domain trigger
Intro to RTSA
Why Current Solutions Aren’t Adequate
SA Short-Comings
 Limited digital modulation analysis
 No frequency change over time
 No frequency domain triggering
 Swept acquisition
 No memory
 Single domain views
VSA Short-Comings
 Poor Spectrum Analyzer performance
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Limited dynamic range
Controls and human interface unfamiliar to SA users
 No frequency domain trigger
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Misses transient events
No analysis reference to time.
 No multi domain correlated views.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Intro to Real-time Spectrum Analysis
Time-correlated Multi-domain Analysis
 Analyze RF signals
simultaneously in
three domains:
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Time
Frequency
Modulation
 Use the flexible
analysis windows to
select and zoom in on
the desired portion of
the captured signal
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Time-correlated Multi-domain Analysis
Time vs. Power
view
Frequency vs.
Power view
Time-correlated
multi-domain
display
Error vector
measurements
Constellation view
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Traditional Swept Architecture
Input
Display
Resolution Bandpass
Filter
Time
Local
Oscillator
Sweep
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real-time Architecture
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Swept vs. Real-time Seamless Capture
Swept
Analyzers
Real-Time
Analyzers
TIME
FREQUENCY
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July 18, 2015
FREQUENCY
Intro to RTSA
Real-time Spectrum Analysis
Trigger | on an RF signal based on power or frequency characteristics
Capture | the signal seamlessly in time, into memory
Analyze | the signal simultaneously in multiple domains
Time Domain
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July 18, 2015
Frequency Domain
Intro to RTSA
Modulation Domain
Real Time Spectrum Analyzer Concepts
The Real Time Spectrum Analyzer Process
Trigger on any event
Capture the Signal seamlessly, frame by frame, into Memory
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
Frame N
Signal is stored into memory
Analyze the Frequency Domain over time – FFT produces frequency
domain
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Basic Operation of RTSA (1)
How does a user capture X seconds of data?
 Use TIMING menu to set acquisition length to X seconds
 RTSA captures X seconds of signal information in a single block
 Block consists of “n” frames, each with 1024 samples
 The frames are captured and stored into memory one at a time
– No gaps between the frames
Time
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
1024 Samples per frame (fixed)
Time to Acquire 1 Frame = Frame Acquisition Time
Time to acquire 1 block (n frames) = acquisition length
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Frame n
Basic Operation of RTSA (2)
Turning Time into Frequency
 RTSA performs FFT on each individual frame resulting in “n”
spectra
 These “n” spectra represent a seamless history of the
frequency domain characteristics
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Frame 1
Frame 2
Spectrum 1
Spectrum 2
July 18, 2015
Frame 3
Frame 4
Spectrum 3
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum 4
Frame n
Spectrum n
Real Time Spectrum Analyzer Concepts
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
RF Input
Signal
RF
Converter
IF
Signal
I
ADC
DDC
Memory
Q
Local
Oscillator
Sample
Clock
Processor
Trigger
User Interface
1.
Down convert Input signal
2.
Digitize input signal
3.
IF signal is down converted, filtered & detected by DSP in the DDC.
4.
Time to Frequency domain transformation by FFT
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
New RTSA Capability: Streaming IQ Output
RF Input
Signal
RF
Converter
IF
Signal
IQ
Output
I
ADC
DDC
Memory
Q
Local
Oscillator
Sample
Clock
Trigger
Processor
 2 LVDS ports that provide digital I and Q
data coming directly from the signal path.
 Streaming is independent of block length
(no limit to length of seamless capture).
 The customer must provide hardware to
capture, store and process the IQ data.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
User Interface
Capture
Frequency/Time Tradeoffs
 Wider capture bandwidth
 Narrower capture bandwidth
Narrow Span
Wide span
 Frequency domain effects
 Frequency domain effects
 Time domain effects
 Time domain effects
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Sample rate increases
RBW increases
Freq resolution decreases
Time resolution increases
Frame length decreases
Max record length decreases
July 18, 2015
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Intro to RTSA
Sample rate decreases
RBW decreases
Freq resolution increases
Time resolution decreases
Frame length increases
Max record length increases
Capture
Frequency/Time Tradeoff Example
 Capture bandwidth = 15 MHz
 Capture bandwidth = 1 kHz
1 kHz
15 MHz
 Frequency domain effects
 Frequency domain effects
 Time domain effects
 Time domain effects
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Sample rate = 25.6 Msps
NBW = 43.7 kHz
Freq resolution = 25.0 kHz
Time resolution = 39.0 nsec
Frame length = 40.0 usec
Max record length = 2.56 sec
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(for RSA3300A w/Opt 02 - 256 MB RAM)
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Sample rate = 1.6 ksps
NBW = 2.67 Hz
Freq resolution 1.56 Hz
Time resolution = 625 usec
Frame length = 640 msec
Max record length = 11.4 hours
(for RSA3300A w/Opt 02 - 256 MB RAM)
Relationship of span, frame time and resolution **RSA3308A**
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July 18, 2015
Span (Hz)
Frame time
Time Resolution
Frequency
Resolution
Number of bins
In span
15M
40us
39.0625ns
25kHz
600
10M
80us
78.125ns
12.5kHz
800
5M
160us
156.25ns
6.25kHz
800
2M
320us
312.5ns
3.125kHz
640
1M
640us
625ns
1.5625kHz
640
500k
1.28ms
1.25us
781.25Hz
640
200k
3.2ms
3.125us
312.5Hz
640
100k
6.4ms
6.25us
156.25Hz
640
50k
12.8ms
12.5us
78.125Hz
640
20k
32ms
31.25us
31.25Hz
640
10k
64ms
62.5us
15.625Hz
640
5k
128ms
125us
7.8125Hz
640
2k
320ms
312.5us
3.125Hz
640
1k
640ms
625us
1.5625Hz
640
500
1.28s
1.25ms
781.25mHz
640
200
3.2s
3.125ms
312.5mHz
640
100
6.4s
6.25ms
156.25mHz
640
Intro to RTSA
Improved Time Resolution of the RSA3408A
RTSA Time Resolution Comparison Table
RSA3400A
(Trident )
Time display
resolution
Frequency mask
trigger time
resolution
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20 nSec
10 μSec
WCA200A/
RSA3300A
40 nSec
80 μSec
Minimum FFT
frame used in
spectrum displays
20 μSec
40 μSec
Minimum
displayed
spectrum spacing
in spectrograms
20 n Sec
Overlapped FFT
processing
40 μSec
No Overlapped
FFT processing
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Improvement
Notes
2X
Power vs. Time
Freq vs. Time
Etc.
8X
In the widest BW
supported by the
instrument
2X
1024 sample
points at the
maximum
sampling rate
2000X
The windowing
effects of the FFT
further limits the
displayed response
Frequency Mask Trigger
 Define a frequency
mask which can be
used to trigger on
specific events in the
frequency domain
 Reliably detect and
capture elusive RF
signals that a level
trigger cannot see in
a crowded spectral
environment
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Seamless Capture and Spectrogram
 The spectrogram
shows how an RF
signal changes over
time in the frequency
domain
 Frequency is the
horizontal axis, time
is the vertical axis,
and power is
represented by the
color of the trace
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analyzer Concepts
The Real Time Spectrum Analyzer Advantage
 Trigger on any change in the monitored spectrum
 Seamlessly capture and store a span of RF frequencies at once
 Analyze how the frequency and amplitude changes over time
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Practical Examples
 Measuring Pulsed/Burst Signal
 Spectrogram shows frequency
domain behavior over time with
amplitude
 Spectrum view shows an
instantaneous spectrum at the
selected moment of time
 Analyzer Settings:
– Span 5 MHz
– Acquisition length 16ms
– Spectrum frame time 160s
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analysis -
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Practical Examples
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analysis -
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer
Enabling Engineers to View Signal
Instabilities and Transients that
They Never Knew Existed.
Meeting RF Measurement
Challenges With:
A Dramatic Advance
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July 18, 2015
Enhanced Triggering
More Capture Bandwidth
New Analysis Tools
Intro to RTSA
RTSA Family
RSA2200A
Trigger
Capture
Analyze
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July 18, 2015
Level
RSA3300A
WCA200A
RSA3400A
Frequency mask, Frequency mask, Frequency mask,
Power & Level
Power & Level
Power & Level
10MHz
Real-Time BW
15MHz
Real-Time BW
15MHz
Real-Time BW
36MHz
Real-Time BW
-73dBc 3rd Order
Dynamic Range
-74dBc 3rd Order
Dynamic Range
-74dBc 3rd Order
Dynamic Range
-78dBc 3rd Order
Dynamic Range
Time, Frequency,
Time, Frequency,
Analog & Digital
Analog Modulation
Modulation
Intro to RTSA
Time, Frequency,
Time, Frequency,
Analog & Digital
Analog & Digital
Modulation, 2-3G,
Modulation, 2-3G
WLAN, Pulse
New Capabilities of the RSA3408A
Trigger
Frequency Mask
36 MHz bandwidth
Power Trigger
36 MHz bandwidth
Capture
36 MHz real-time
capture bandwidth
and modulation
analysis bandwidth
Digital IQ Output
Removable HDD
421 MHz IF Output
Dynamic range of
66 dB ACLR
-78 dBc 3rd Order IM
(4dB Improvement)
Analyze
20nsec resolution
Spectrogram using
overlap FFT
processing
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July 18, 2015
Pulsed signal
characterization suite
New Demodulation 2ASK and 2FSK, 128
QAM, OQPSK
Intro to RTSA
Built-in WLAN
802.11a/b/g
analysis
New RTSA Capability: Overlapping FFTs
Signal Captured in the Time Domain
Acquired Signal Data Transformed into FFT Frames, No Overlap Processing
1024 Samples 1024 Samples 1024 Samples 1024 Samples 1024 Samples
1024 Samples
Acquired Signal, Post-Processed with Overlap FFTs
1024 Samples
1024 Samples
1024 Samples
FFT Overlap Samples
1024 Samples
Overlap Interval Samples
1024 Samples
1024 Samples
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Overlapping FFT
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Overlapping FFT continued
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Overlapping FFTs – “Zoom” for the Spectrogram
 Top spectrogram shows no overlap,
same as the WCA200A/RSA3300A
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Frame Resolution = 40us
3.48 msec
 768 FFT points overlap
(FFT interval – 256 points)
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Frame resolution = 10us
870 usec
 960 FFT points overlap
(FFT interval – 64 points)
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Frame resolution = 2.5us
 Frame resolution can be set to 20ns
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40 or 36 MHz span
A 2000x improvement over existing 40us
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
217 usec
Zooming into the Spectrogram display
Without overlapping FFTs
With overlapping FFTs
Chirped Radar
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
New RTSA Capability: Streaming IQ Output
RF Input
Signal
RF
Converter
IF
Signal
IQ
Output
I
ADC
DDC
Memory
Q
Local
Oscillator
Sample
Clock
Trigger
Processor
 2 LVDS ports that provide digital I and Q
data coming directly from the signal path.
 Streaming is independent of block length
(no limit to length of seamless capture).
 The customer must provide hardware to
capture, store and process the IQ data.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
User Interface
RSA3408A APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Radar and Pulsed Signals
Time vs. Power or
Delta Power View
Trend of p-p Phase
Across All Pulses
Individual Pulses
Can Be Characterized
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real-Time Spectrum Analysis:
A New Approach for Measuring Time-varying RF Signals
 Trigger on dynamic RF signals
– Identify discrete events in the
time or the frequency domain
 Capture RF signals into
memory
– Acquire seamless time record of
an entire span of RF frequencies
 Analyze RF signals completely
– Make correlated time, frequency,
and modulation domain
measurements
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 Overview of Real Time Spectrum Analysis Concepts
– Current Spectrum Analysis challenges
– What is Real Time Spectrum Analysis
 Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
– Unique Triggering
– Seamless Capture
– Powerful Analysis
 Applications and Demo
 Q&A
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Triggering
 Flexible Triggers to capture any signal
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Level
Power BW
Frequency Mask Trigger
External Trigger - Trigger IN and Trigger OUT
 3 Modes to maximize how the signal is captured
– Free Run
– Continuous
– Single
 Position the Trigger anywhere
– Enables Pre &/or Post Trigger analysis
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Triggering
 Four Real-time Trigger Modes
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Level Trigger (Full BW)
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Power Trigger (Span BW)
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Trigger on discrete frequency domain events based on a flexible user-defined trigger
mask. (Option 02)
External Trigger

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Trigger on all events within the selected span of the analyzer that exceed the selected
threshold. (Option 02)
Frequency Mask Trigger

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Trigger on all events within the fixed IF bandwidth of the analyzer that exceed the
selected threshold. Same as “IF level trigger” on a swept analyzer. (Standard)
July 18, 2015
Trigger on external TTL signals via TRIG IN. (Standard)
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Frequency Mask Trigger
 Trigger and Capture any individual frequency event
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Spurious Signals
Transient Signals
Frequency changes
Amplitude Changes
 Define the spectrum that has to monitored
– Graphically trace out the frequencies that need to be monitored
 Define the change
– Are you looking for the signal to increase or decrease in amplitude
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Applications for Frequency Mask Trigger
 Interference hunting
– Trigger on signals that are buried in
crowded spectrum
 Spectrum Monitoring
– Detect signals that try to hide
 Fault finding and EMI
– Trigger on transient events and intermittent
signal
 Complex R&D problems
– Trigger on any change on your signal’s
frequency domain view
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer
 Trigger on small interfering
Pre trigger time
signals
 Capture a seamless record of
Pre- and Post-interference
activity
 Analyze the effect of
interference on the power,
frequency and modulation over
time
Trigger Point
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Post Trigger Time
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Continuous Trigger
 Trigger is always “alarmed” – triggers, captures, displays and then
waits for next trigger
 Ideal for capturing a lot of information about a relativity slow or
irregular repeating signal
T1
Time
T2
Trigger
Signal
Memory
Time Stamps
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July 18, 2015
T1
T2 T3 T4 T5
Intro to RTSA
T3
T4
T5
Three Measurement Modes
 1. S/A Mode:
– Real-time spectrum analysis
– Traditional spectrum analysis
 2. DEMOD Mode:
– General purpose analog modulation analysis
– General purpose digital modulation analysis
– Standards based modulation analysis
 3. TIME Mode:
– Time domain transient analysis
– CCDF analysis
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analyze
S/A Mode - Real-time S/A
 Real-time Spectrum Analysis
– Max capture bandwidth is 10,15 or 36
MHz for RF signals and 40 or 20 MHz for
baseband IQ signals (depending on the
RTSA model).
– # of FFT points is fixed at 1024 with
Blackman-Harris 4B window
– The acquisition length may include up to
64,000 frames
– There is no post-FFT resolution
bandwidth processing or averaging (RBW
is determined by span setting)
– All triggering modes available
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analyze
S/A Mode - Spectrum Analyzer
 Traditional Spectrum Analysis
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–
–
–
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For wide spans, the measurements are
similar to a swept spectrum analyzer since
the full span is not measured
simultaneously. A wide span is measured in
10 MHz steps.
Acquisitions are made on a frame-by-frame
basis, not in long acquisition blocks of many
frames
Includes wide span, RBW filtering, FFT
setup, and averaging (not available in RealTime S/A mode)
No trigger functions available
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analyze
Analyze
Demod Mode
 Analog modulation analysis
– AM, FM, PM
 General purpose digital
modulation analysis (Opt 21)
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16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM,
256QAM, BPSK, QPSK, π/4 DQPSK, 8PSK,
GMSK, GFSK, PDC, PHS, NADC, TETRA,
CDPD, Bluetooth, 2ASK, 2FSK
 Standards based analysis
(only available WCA200A & RSA3408)
– W-CDMA UL & DL cdma2000, 1xEV-DO,
GSM/EDGE, HSDPA, WLAN 802.11
A/B/G.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analyze
Time Mode
 Transient Analysis
– Power vs. time
– Frequency vs. time
– IQ vs. time
 CCDF
– Complementary Cumulative Distribution
Function
– Power statistics of RF signals
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Summary
 What is Real Time Spectrum Analysis
– Seamlessly capture and store a span of RF frequencies at once
– Trigger, Capture, Analyze time varying and transient RF signals in real time
– In-depth analysis with time correlated multi-domain views
 Advantages
– Trigger on signals that other spectrum analyzers miss
– Capture fast moving or transient signals
– Analyze changes in the signal over time without making multiple
measurements
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
COFFEE BREAK ……
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 Overview of Real Time Spectrum Analysis Concepts
– Current Spectrum Analysis challenges
– What is Real Time Spectrum Analysis
 Capabilities of Real Time Spectrum Analysis
– Unique Triggering
– Seamless Capture
– Powerful Analysis
 Applications and Demo
 Overview of Tektronix Real Time Spectrum Analyser family
 Q&A
52
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Applications
 Trigger on any change in the monitored spectrum
 Seamlessly capture and store a span of RF frequencies at once
 Analyze how the frequency and amplitude changes over time
 To name a few applications:
 Mobile Phones, Power Supply Design, Radar, RFID,
Spectrum Monitoring, Component Design, Low Frequency
Analysis, Cable Modems, I/Q Analysis, EMI Diagnostics,
High Energy Physics Research, Oscillators, Automotive,
Consumer Electronics, Base Stations, Medical, Network
Interoperability, Broadcast, WLAN, and many, many more….
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
RFID Measurements
The industry
 RFID = Radio Frequency Identification
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A RFID (transceiver) tag reader transmits an RF pulse whose energy is reflected by active or
passive tags ( transponder) that are attached to each item
 Many diverse applications
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Inventory management – wireless bar codes
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Anti-forgery device – smart chips
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Container management
Boeing…on aircraft mainframe manufacturing.
Beer barrels
Human tagging
Automobiles as they move from one border to another
Hospital inventory location of medical equipment.
Edinburgh bus traffic light control system.
 Wal-Mart working on “supermarket of the future”
July 18, 2015
 EU investigating currency authentication for Euros
Intro to RTSA
RFID Measurements
Analyzing RFID Transmissions
 Challenges
– Signals have to be analyzed in the time, frequency and modulation domains
– Signals are pulsed and contain many different “sections” of modulation
 Swept Spectrum Analyzers
– Sweeping architecture makes it difficult to capture small RF pulses
– Zero Span does not have enough resolution
– Very Limited Multi-domain analysis capabilities
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Analysis - Practical Examples
 Analyzing different parts of the signal – selecting your
analysis window
 Flexible Time, Frequency and
Modulation analysis windows
enable you to view all the
details
High Depth AM
Low Depth AM
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Practical Examples
 Zooming in to analyze a small part of the signal
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analysis -
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Practical Examples
 Analyzing the next part of the signal
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analysis -
RFID Measurements
Analyzing RFID Transmissions
 RTSA
– Seamless capture ensures the fastest changing pulses are captured
– Powerful analysis capabilities enables any part of the signal to completely
analyzed
– Multi-domain analysis capabilities enable complete analysis of time,
frequency and modulation characteristics
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
RFID Measurements
Analyzing RFID Transmissions
2ASK RFID
signal
RFID data
values derived
from Manchester
decoder
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
RFID Measurements
Monitoring RFID Systems
 Challenges
– Signals are only present for a short time, have vastly different power levels
and could even be frequency hopping!
– Interactions between devices may last for a long time
– Interfering signals are common
 Swept Spectrum Analyzers
– Have difficultly capturing small pulses
– Fast measurement speed and good dynamic range are not always possible
at the same time
– No ability to analyze time domain characteristics of a complete
communication sequence
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
RFID
 Demonstration.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Oscillator Measurements
Characterizing the Device
 Quality of Signal
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–
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 Stability of Signal
Frequency (range, accuracy, etc)
Power level (range, accuracy, etc)
Phase Noise
Harmonics
Residual FM
July 18, 2015
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–
–
–
Intro to RTSA
Frequency Drift
Amplitude stability
Push/Pull
PLL Lock Up time
Real Time Spectrum Analysis Capabilities
Practical Examples
Measuring an Oscillator - Settling Characteristics
 Spectrogram shows the
frequency vs. time view with
amplitude
 Analyzer Settings:
– Span 5MHz
– Frequency resolution 12.52kHz
(NBW)
– Spectrogram time resolution 160 ms
– Acquisition length up to 10.24s
– Trigger Event BW: 5MHz
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Analysis -
Application Example: Phase Lock Loops (PLL)
 The PLL is one of the most common circuits in use today.
 Technology trends in PLL development are leading to complex
designs:
–
–
–
–
Increasing output frequencies
Higher output frequency stability
Faster settling time
Faster switching speeds
 Commercial demands are leading to the creation of smaller,
lower cost PLL.
– PLLs are becoming more integration and are often just a “black box” with
no “access” points
67
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
PLL Measurements
 Several different measurements must be made on a single shot
event:
–
–
–
–
Frequency switching speed (Time Domain)
Frequency settling behavior (Time Domain)
Spectral purity/splatter (Frequency Domain)
Transient instabilities
 Repeatability measurements must be made on a sequence of
events
–
–
–
–
68
Output Frequency
Frequency settling time
Spectral purity
Spectral splatter
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Oscillator Measurements
Measurements Challenges
 Capturing instantaneous changes
– How quickly and smoothly does the output change during tuning?
– What happens to the output signal when the DC supply current varies?
 Understanding changes over time
– When did the frequency drift out of spec?
– At what temperature did the frequency output change?
– Did the power level drop at anytime during the temperature testing?
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Signal Stability
Real-time Spectrum Analyzer View
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Signal Stability
Real-time Spectrum Analyzer View
71
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real-Time Spectrum Analysis Solution for PLLs
 Trigger on every occurrence of a
Time Correlated Data
frequency change
 Real-Time seamless capture
records every frequency
changed into memory
 Analyze all changes in
Frequency as a function of time
Multiple frequency transition stored into memory
72
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Real-Time Spectrum Analysis Solution for PLLs
Frequency vs Power
 Trigger the moment the PLL
loses lock
 Real-Time seamless capture
ensures no data is missing
 Analyze the single shot event
completely with time correlated
multi-domain views
Frequency & Power changes over time
73
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Frequency Settling time
Oscillator Measurements
Measuring Output Stability
 Challenges
– Understanding instantaneous changes in output signal as conditions
change (DC current, output loading, tuning, etc)
– Characterizing changes in output signal due to long term effects
(Temperature, aging, etc)
– Characterize rapid changes in frequency and power over time
– Understand the Phase and Frequency Modulation effects of the output
signal.
 Swept Spectrum Analyzer
– MAX HOLD is the tried and trusted method, however it does not enable
analysis over time
– Swept architecture is not designed for capturing fast changing RF signals
– Zero span cannot capture frequency AND power changes over time
– Complete post analysis is not possible because the signal cannot be
stored into capture memory
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Oscillator PLL and VCO
 Demonstration.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Signal Characteristics
 Signals are unpredictable
–
–
–
–
Unknown start and stop frequency/times
Signals may be hidden in noise floor
No definite starting point
Unknown Hopping patterns
 Signal may only appear very infrequently
– Variable durations
– Repeat cycle maybe relativity long and variable
 Source of signal is usually unknown
– Modulation type is unknown
– Modulation hidden within pulse
77
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Measurement Challenges
 Challenges
– Signals can appear at anytime making signal capture difficult
– The signals may only appear once, therefore they have to be accurately
captured
– Unknown signals have to be identified
 Swept Spectrum Analyzer
– Limited triggering options make it difficult to start the measurement at
the right time
– Sweeping architecture means transient or hopping signals may be missed
– No capture memory means no post analysis
78
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Measurement Challenges
 RTSA
– Unique Triggering captures signals swept spectrum analyzers miss
– Captures fast moving and transient signals
– Large record memory enables complete analysis without having to make
multiple acquisitions
– Flexible analysis tools enable the source and format of the signal to be
found
Spread Spectrum
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July 18, 2015
Hopping
Intro to RTSA
Interfering
Application Example: Surveillance
Unknown signal
Frequency Mask
Trigger
Multi-signal
spectrum,
FM-modulated
Spectrogram
view
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Application Example: Surveillance
Wide band
continuous
signal
Close-in burstmodulated
signal
Trigger Time
81
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Finding the Spread Spectrum Signal
No…there is a
signal hiding
In there
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Finding the Spread Spectrum Signal
Spectrogram is
the only way to
know if a signal
is present
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Looking for a Hopping Signal?
 Many commercial and military
signals change frequency, or hop,
maybe random or repeating
 The hopping pattern can be
identified
 Real-time spectrum analysis clearly
shows what a “non-cooperative”
signal is doing
 We can view the transient frequency
changes against time.
3-26
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring
Identify the Signal
 Analyze at the symbol level on each individual pulse
 Signal details
–
–
–
–
4 microsecond pulse
10 Ms/s
QAM
Triggered
3-19
85
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Spectrum Monitoring.
 Demonstration.
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
87
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Applications
 Ground based radar
–
–
Generally wider pulse widths
Tracking radar
–
IFF or transponder
 Frequency and amplitude of pulse varies
 Radar signature
 Doppler shift
 Modulated pulses
 Jamming Radar(“gate stealing”)
–
–
Range gate pull off
Velocity gate pull off
 Airborne radar
–
88
Generally narrower pulse widths
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Characterizing the Pulse
 Challenge
– Peak Power of the pulse directly effects range, characterization of Peak Power is
critical
– Out of Band power effects range, so spectral shape is a critical
 Swept SA
– Swept architecture cannot accurately capture pulsed signals
– Limited ability to analyze Power vs. Time
Pulsed Waveform
X
CW Carrier
=
Pulsed Carrier
89
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Characterizing the Pulse
 RTSA
Amplitude
– Seamless capture of the pulse enables complete and accurate analysis
– Accurate Peak Power measurements with Power vs. Time
– Spectral shape can easily be evaluated over time with the Spectrogram
Frequency
90
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Complex Pulsed Signal
Traditional Pulsed Signal Characterization
Requires multiple
pieces of equipment
with complex set ups
to perform this
analysis, this
equipment still
doesn’t give you
these results quickly
91
July 18, 2015
Spectrum
Analyzer
Radar System
Oscilloscope
Vector
Spectrum
Analyzer
Intro to RTSA
The Challenge with Pulsed Signals
 Modern signals are typically too
fast for swept spectrum
analyzers to catch
 These fast transient pulses
generate instantaneous spectral
components that must be
analyzed
 Use of multiple instruments
makes analysis complicated and
introduces large amounts of
uncertainty
With a traditional swept SA timing parameters
must be estimated from the pulse spectrum
92
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Pulse Profile Characteristics
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Chirp Analysis
 Challenge
– To fully characterize the Pulse Compression, or Chirp, the relationship
between frequency and power of the pulse must be simultaneously
characterized with respect to time
 Swept SA
Frequency
– No multi-domain analysis capabilities
– Swept architecture cannot accurately capture pulsed signals
Chirp
BW
Chirp Linearity
Pulse Width
94
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Time
Radar and Pulsed Signals
Time vs. Power or
Delta Power View
Trend of p-p Phase
Across All Pulses
Individual Pulses
Can Be Characterized
95
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Trend analysis of radar pulse train
Time vs. power
or delta power
view
96
July 18, 2015
Trend of p-p phase
across all pulses
Intro to RTSA
Detailed analysis of individual radar pulse
Graphical plot of
“Chirp” linearity
Individual pulses
can be
characterized
97
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar and Pulsed Signals
FM signals
>70 dB below
pulsed signals
Individual pulses
Interfering sigs
evident between
pulse times
Time vs. Power
View of pulses
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July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Chirp Analysis
 Correlated Multi-domain views makes Chirp analysis possible
99
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Chirp Analysis
100
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Chirp Analysis
101
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Finding Spurs on the pulse signal
Pulse spectrum can
mask low level signals on
Frequency domain views
102
July 18, 2015
Spectrogram and Multi-domain
views find spurious at –90 dBm
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Velocity Gate Stealing and Range Gate Stealing – view the “real” signal
 Some radar systems employ a
tunable filter called a velocity
gate to track the doppler
frequency shift.
 A “velocity gate stealer” is
used by a jamming system,it
transmits a signal which
falsifies the targets speed or
pretends that is stationary.
 “Range Gate Stealing”.Target
generating false echoes by
delaying the received pulse
and retransmitting at a
slightly later time.
103
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Velocity Gate Stealing – view the “real” signal
 Continuous capture and
spectrogram clearly show ALL
the signals
 Signal Details
– Pull Off signal
– -115 dBm signal!
104
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Radar Measurements
Snap Off/ Power Signature Analysis
 Trigger when the snap happens
 Continuously capture the
complete event
 Analyze the frequency and
power changes over time
105
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Pulse Measurement Applications for the RSA
Particle Accelerators
 High energy physics
– Research involving an accelerator such as a cyclotron, synchrotron, or
linear accelerator to isolate discrete
sub-atomic particles such as protons and electrons
 Research areas
– Collision experiments – discovery of new elementary particles like quarks
and leptons, validation or contradiction of theoretical principles of
quantum physics and relativity
– Radiation experiments – medical applications such as cancer treatment,
material science investigations
106
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Pulse Measurement Applications for the RSA
Accelerator Measurement Challenges
 High dynamic range measurements for low rep rate pulses
– Frequency spectrum inside of the pulse
– Time and frequency domain pulse analysis
 Frequency measurements of dynamic signals
– Transient frequency glitches due to beam instability
– Characterization of PLLs within the accelerator
 High resolution signal characterization and demodulation
– Identification of harmonics from mechanical vibrations
– Precise beam spread calculation based on AM and FM
 They need to capture and analyze pulses in multiple domains and see
how signals change over time – they need a RTSA!
107
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Pulse Measurement Applications for the RSA
Synchrotron beam stability measurement
Spectrogram shows
behavior over time.
Spectral differences
stable vs. unstable
*Instability appears as transient FM
or distortion.
108
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Pulse Measurement Applications for the RSA
Measuring spurs and low level noise
109
Pulse spectrum can
mask low level signals.
*Customer can turn off PG to look
Spurs at -90 dBm easily
visible between pulses.
*caused by PSU.Not seen on scope
for noise sources that may be
masked by pulsed RF spectrum.
( 5Odb below noise floor).
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Applications for the RSA
Gating measurements within a pulse with very low rep rate.
Analyzing the spectral
content inside a pulse.
*Spectrogram proves we are
Measuring a close-in
harmonic at -72 dBc.
*Can now see close-in
intermodulation.Accelerator can
now be tuned in “real time”
looking at a spur,not just noise.
110
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Rader & Pulse Applications
 Demonstration.
111
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
112
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN
113
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
802.11 types of standards
114
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Summary
 802.11b = CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
–
–
Also uses PBCC, DSSS
11 MBPS data rates
 802.11a = OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
–
54 MBPS data rates
 802.11g = OFDM or CCK
–
–
Higher data rates w/ OFDM and reverse compatible with 802.11b CCK
54 MBPS data rates (with OFDM)
802.11b
CCK
802.11a
OFDM
802.11g
OFDM or CCK
2.4 GHz ISM Frequency Band
115
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
5 GHz ISM Frequency Band
Examples of WLAN Combo Device Interference
116
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Signals
The Measurement Challenge
 WLAN standards based conformance measurements are a minimum
for a transmitter tester, but not enough
 Advanced troubleshooting tools help developers of new WLAN devices
quickly get new designs working
 Traditional VSA tools lack the ability to perform in depth
troubleshooting when necessary
 Increasing number of combination designs – integration of existing
WLAN designs with existing wireless and computer designs poses new
problems when the “hybrid” design doesn’t work as planned
 An easy to use, powerful troubleshooting tool like the RSA3408A is
ideal to get a new design up and running quickly
117
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Signals
Traditional Interference Measurement
 VSA’s lack automatic signal
Spectrum
Analyzer
identification, easy setups
(ideal feature for a
troubleshooting tool)
 VSA’s lack flexible triggering
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
DUT
for fault isolation
 VSA’s lack multiple domain
OR
analysis – need to correlate
faults quickly to pinpoint cause
 Single box testers contain
DUT
signal generator & transmitter
tester; lack troubleshooting
flexibility
118
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Single Box TX
And RX tester
Application Example: WLAN
Long seamless
capture length
Wide real-time span
to analyze WLAN
Sub-carrier and
Pilot power
119
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Measurement example- IEEE802.11a/b/g
• Combined
IEE802.11 signals
in the system
• Auto-detects the
modulation type
• Subview shows
Power VS Sub
carriers.
• Main view shows
EVM over time
that includes all
modulation
schemes.
120
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Autodetection of 24MBPS OFDM
121
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Signal
CCK Signal Analysis
122
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Signal
OFDM Signal Analysis
123
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WLAN Signal
OFDM Signal Analysis – OFDM Linearity
124
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
RSA3408A APPLICATION EXAMPLES
AM/AM, AM/PM and 1dB Compression

AM/AM and 1 dB compression
measurement

1 dB compression is shown as -12.43
dBm
 AM/AM, AM/PM and
1 dB compression
measurement
 Compare the ideal
data and actual
data

Red dots in mainview show sampling
points.

It is not necessary to capture both input
and output of DUT
 Red dots in
mainview show
sampling points
 1 dB compression is
shown as -12.43
dBm
 It is not necessary
to capture both
input and output of
DUT
125
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Application Example:
RF and Communications Systems
Before
Interference
Bluetooth
Microwave
oven
During
Interference
WLAN signal
WLAN constellation
synchronized
126
July 18, 2015
Interfering
Bluetooth signal
WLAN error vector
measurement
degraded
Intro to RTSA
WLAN constellation
out of synch
Agenda
 RFID Measurements
 Oscillator Measurements
 Spectrum Monitoring
 Radar Measurements & Pulse Applications
 WLAN
 Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
127
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Software Defined Radio/JTRS/Wireless Comms
128
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Digital RF Measurement Challenges
Problem:
 Example where Hardware and software are being integrated in
Software Defined RF device( for example software controlled
radio)
– Importing external waveform code into internally developed hardware
platform
Example:
 Customer’s signal is a BPSK modulated 400MHz carrier. Symbol
rate is 250kSym/s.
– Customer is experiencing intermittent spectral containment violations (i.e.
I/Q Splatter)
129
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Tektronix Total Solution
I/Q Modulator
DSP
External Trigger
RSA3308A
TDS7000B
Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer
Oscilloscope
• Capture wide violating freq burst
using freq mask trigger
• Demodulate BPSK bursts
• Track FM deviation with
Frequency Error
130
July 18, 2015
TLA5000
iView
• Trigger TDS using external trigger
from RSA freq mask trigger output
•Capture multiple bursts from DAC
output in time domain
Intro to RTSA
Logic Analyzer
• Trigger TLA using iView from TDS
•iView time correlates the digital
DAC input acquisition from the TLA
with the analog DAC output
acquisition from the TDS
• TLA can also capture DSP code
execution
Tektronix Total Solution
• The RSA has triggered on the spectral containment violation using Frequency Mask Trigger.
•In addition, the RSA has demodulated the BPSK signal, calculated EVM, and tracked the frequency deviation in the carrier
(Freq Error here is –370Hz) on a burst by burst basis.
•The RSA has triggered the TDS which has acquired the DAC output for the “I” baseband waveform. The TDS has
triggered the TLA, and using iView, the DAC output from the TDS is integrated and time correlated with TLA acquisition
from the DAC input.
131
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Tektronix Total timing, state and RF
measurement Solution
• From the RSA Spectrogram, it is apparent that every 6th burst is violating the Frequency Mask
• From the TLA, it is apparent that the analog out and digital input to the DAC correlate. It is also apparent that every 6 th
burst is different. Zooming in on the n*6th bursts shows that is appears to be unfiltered.
• DSP code can then be analyzed to determine bug causing the unfiltered burst
Capture and Analyze Digital Bugs from the Frequency
Domain!
132
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Application Example: Wireless
Call Initiation
133
July 18, 2015
Under Power Control
Intro to RTSA
Call Termination
Application Example: Wireless
Power vs. Time
Displays the
entire capture
history
Constellation
Time Slot
Summary
Codogram
Displays the time
slot and other
channel data
Displays changes
in the code domain
over time
Time-correlated views
All of the markers are time-synchronized
134
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Application Example:
RF and Communications Systems
Before
Interference
Bluetooth
Microwave
oven
During
Interference
WLAN signal
WLAN constellation
synchronized
135
July 18, 2015
Interfering
Bluetooth signal
WLAN error vector
measurement
degraded
Intro to RTSA
WLAN constellation
out of synch
Application Example:
RF and Communications Systems
Time vs. Power
view
Frequency vs.
Power view
Time-correlated
multi-domain
display
Error vector
measurements
Constellation view
136
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
The Real Time Advantage
 Trigger on any RF Signal
– Trigger on signals that other spectrum analyzers miss
 Capture all RF Signals
– Continuously capture a seamless time record of a span of RF frequencies
at once ensure radar signals are accurately recorded
 Analyze RF Signals completely
– Analyze frequency and power over time without making multiple
acquisitions
– Correlated frequency-, modulation-, and time-, domain views of a single
acquisition enable complete analysis of radar signal
137
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
WCA/RSA wins best in class!!
138
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Win a Month Long Evaluation!!
Monthly Prize Draw
in partnership with
Visit www.tektronix.com/rsacompetition
Fill in your details
Tell us how you would use the RSA for in the month evaluation
You could win!!!
139
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA
Thank You.
Questions please?
[email protected]
140
July 18, 2015
Intro to RTSA