Transcript Document

Chapter 1:
Nutrition in Human Health
J Pistack MS/Ed
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Health
• According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), health is the state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Disease Prevention
• Prevention of disease occurs on three levels
– Primary – living in such a way as to prevent the
occurrences of disease
– Secondary – using self/medical monitoring to notice
disease so early intervention is possible
– Tertiary – the use of treatment after the occurrence of
disease to stop or slow the progression of the disease
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nutrition in Human Health
• Nutrition is a science with a research base that
studies the relationship of humans to foods.
• Nutrition involves the process of taking in and
utilizing food
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nutrition
• The chemical content
of food
• The body’s use of
food
• The relationship of
food to health
• Selection of food
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
• Techniques to modify
food habits
• Diet as treatment for
disease
• The relationship
among foods, food
components, and
medications
Catagories of Nutrients
•
•
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Classification of Nutrients
• Considered essential and nonessential
– Essential Nutrient – a nutrient that the body requires
but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts to meet
bodily needs
– Nonessential Nutrient – not needed in the diet
because the body can manufacture them from other
substances
– Conditionally Essential Nutrient – those that under
most circumstances, a healthy body can manufacture
in sufficient quantities
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Function of Nutrients
• Serve as a source of energy or heat
• Support the growth and maintenance of tissues
• Aid in the regulation of basic body processes
• These functions make up your Metabolism – the
sum of all physical and chemical changes that
take place in the body.
– Specific nutrients have specific metabolic effects and
functions
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Question
Nutrients function to do all of the following
except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Serve as a source of energy or heat
Support the growth and maintenance of tissues
Aid in the regulation of basic body processes
Recognize foreign substances in the body
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Answer
Correct Answer: D
Recognize foreign substances in the body
Rationale: Recognizing foreign substances in the
body is not a function of nutrients but is a function
of the immune system.
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Growth and Maintenance
• Nutrients provide raw materials
• Water, Proteins, Fats, and Minerals, play a major
role building body structures
• Some nutrients control or regulate chemical
processes. For example vitamins are not energy
sources but are facilitators of energy production
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Functional Foods
• Food or food ingredients that have additional
health or physiological benefits above and
beyond their nutritional value.
• Examples include:
–
–
–
–
Apples – prevent cardiovascular disease
Berries – protect from cancer/reduce inflamation
Oats – reduce cholesterol
See table 1-1 and 1-2 for more
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Body Composition
• Body composition is affected by nutrition. The
body is composed of five types of substances
–
–
–
–
–
Water
Protein
Fat
Ash – mineral content of bone
Carbohydrate
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
My Plate
• ChooseMyPlate.gov is a nutrition site offering
nutrition tips, nutrition information, menus,
recipes…..
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Unbalanced Nutrition
• Too much or too little can have negative health
affects
• Each nutrient has an optimal range for health
benefit
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Malnutrition/Undernutrition
• Inability to obtain foods that contain the essential
nutrients
• Failure to consume essential nutrients or the
Body’s inability to use the nutrients in food
• Disease conditions that increase the body’s
need for nutrients
• A disease process that causes nutrients to be
excreted too rapidly from the body
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Overnutrition
• Excessive intake of nutrients
• Often results from the use of self-prescribed
over-the-counter vitamin and mineral
supplements
• Also associated with eating too much food
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Clicker Question
Over nutrition is caused by all of the following
except:
A. Inability to metabolize food intake
B. Excessive intake of nutrients
C. Often results from the use of self-prescribed
over-the-counter vitamin and mineral
supplements
D. Also associated with eating too much food
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Answer
Correct Answer: A
Inability to metabolize food intake
Rationale: An inability to metabolize food intake
may be due to a disease process and would cause
undernutrition versus overnutrition.
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Diet
• The ideal diet consists of
– Balance – food eaten in proper proportion to each
other
– Moderation – the proper amount for the person
– Variety – wide selection of food
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Food Insecurity
• Occurs when there is a limited or uncertain
availability of nutritionally adequate or safe foods
• Problem is large
– 17.2 million Americans in 2010
– More prevalent in households with children
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nutritional care
• Nutritional status – the body's condition related
to the intake and use of nutrients
• Dietary status – describes what you are actually
eating. Dietary status may be ok however
nutritional status may be poor
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Anthropometric Data
• The science of measuring the body is
anthropometry.
• Includes body size, weight, and proportions
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Body Mass Index
• Height and weight are used to derive a BMI
• BMI =(weight in Kg)/(height in Meters)2
• Or
• BMI =(weight in Pounds x 705) / (height in Inches)
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Other Tests for BMI
• Triceps skinfold
• Underwater weighing
• Dexa
• Bioelectrical Impedance Test
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Lab Tests
• Tests using blood, urine, and stool can be
nutritionally diagnostic
• Blood can be analyzed for glucose, protein, or
fat. Though vitamins and minerals can be
checked, it may be inaccurate
• Urine and stool yields information about what a
person has eaten, what the persons body has
stored, and how the body is using nutrients
• Reliance on a single test is not recommended
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Analysis on Nutrients
• The USDA publishes National Nutrition
Database for Standard Reference and updates it
annually
• http://ndb.nal.usda.gov is a site that you can find
nutritional content of individual foods
• http://nutritiondata.self.com/tools/nutrient-search
lets you find nutritional values of foods with a
high of one thing and a low of another
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Food Exchange
• Most foods are combinations of nutrients
• Food exchange lists sort foods into similar
categories so if you need a certain nutrient but
don’t like the taste, alternatives are available
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Exchange Lists
• Food exchange lists are broken into six categories
–
–
–
–
–
Starch
Fruit
Milk - fat-free, low-fat, reduced-fat, and whole
Non-starchy veggies
Meat and meat substitutes – lean, medium-fat, high-fat,
and plant based protein
– Fat – monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated
– See appendix B
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Exchange Lists
• Provide food choices
• Control the distribution of nutrition throughout
the day
• Incorporate balance, variety, and moderation
into special diets
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Culture
• Refers to all the socially transmitted behavior
patterns shared by most members of a particular
group who has influence on their thoughts and
actions
• Attitudes, beliefs (societal and religious), and
customs influence a person nutritional intake
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company
Nutrition and Health
• Things affected by nutrition
•
•
•
•
Physical growth and development
Body composition
Mental development
Nutrition is an important component of general
health care
Copyright © 2015. F.A. Davis Company