Seville Palace Hotel, México D.F., México, 17th to 19th Sep, 2014

How Science of Today meets City of Tomorrow’s water needs

• •

PROF. AVNER ADIN

Hebrew University of Jerusalem Adin Holdings “Water Solutions” [email protected]

Outline

       Introduction: The “City of Tomorrow” Objectives and methodology Identifying city water management components Understanding the new water cycle Deriving water quality control challenges Science and technology roles, examples Conclusions

World population growth

The world population grows and requires more and more resources arable land, water, energy, and biological resources About 3.5 billion people across the globe already live in cities; the number is expected to grow up to 6.5 billion people by 2050

Expected to reach a peak of growth. Than declines due to economic, health, land exhaustion and environmental reasons .

Declaration: There is enough water on the surface of the Earth for many generations to come. However, . . .

Inadequate water quality prevents using its full potential

Objectives and methodology

Objective: to indicate scientific research needs in meeting tomorrow’s city water demands.

The methodology is composed of two major steps: (I) various water system functions and roles are analyzed and listed in four categories: health, aesthetics, recycling and water-energy components; and (II) the various functions are incorporated into one water cycle, a holistic analysis is being made, from which scientific research challenges are derived.

FUTURE CITY

The city is the future

 It is evident that more and more people live in cities  Thus optimizing the cities infrastructure prepares the world for coping with future population growth  Strategic plan: Focusing on urban water management and urban agriculture, using advanced technologies and a strong knowledge center

AH Concepts for Future City

1. Future City - A healthy community:

a. Water filtration and disinfection complying with current and future standards b. Water quality monitoring, including innovative real time devices for Water Security and Safety c. Treatment and quality control of domestic and non-domestic wastewater d. Fire hydrant systems

2. Future City - A beautiful and fun community:

a. Effective water management for Gardening and parks b. Surface water quality control c. Fountains and recreational facilities

AH Concepts for Future City (cont.)

3. Future City - A water recycling community:

a. Planning and design of grey water and wastewater collection and reuse systems b. All grey water and wastewater shall be reused within the Future City area c. Sludge free wastewater treatment where possible

4. Future City - A water and energy conserving community:

a. Supply management and leakage control, with continuous data collection (and automatic billing) b. Public education !

c. Minimizing energy usage in water and wastewater facilities

Urban agriculture

Urban agriculture contributes to food security and food safety in two ways:  It increases the amount of food available to people living in cities  It allows fresh vegetables and fruits and meat products to be made available to urban consumers

Revolutionary Water Cycle - Israel

NATURE

Water quality challenges in RWC

NATURE

New water production-Israel ) 2014 ( Reuse Desal.

Operating Starting Shomrat ?

100 MCM Planning

Mixing water Qualities

Hadera 127 (200) MCM Reversing the flow Sorek 150 MCM

-Surface -Ground -Stormwater -Desalinated -Recycled

Palmakhim 90 MCM Ashdod 100 MCM Ashkelon 120 MCM

Recharge-Recovery Scheme SAT=Soil-Aquifer Treatment

Slow sand filtration

Mechanisms Biological: enhanced bio activity on grains surfaces. “Schmutzdecke”. Physical: surface straining, interstitial straining, settling, diffusion.

Physicochemical: Adsorption, DLVO-van der Waals interactions.

Surface catalyzed degradation

•On-site systems, decentralized

•Electroflocculation-

constructed wetland hybrid

•Aerobic-anaerobic

compact system

SHAFDAN WASTEWATER RAW WATER PUMPS (P1) UF SYSTEM 11 UNITS x 45 MODULES total filter area – 24,750 m

2

PRODUC T TANK HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS (P3) st I. 68 X 7 st II. 28 X 7 INTERIM TANK UF PUMPS (P2) TO DRAIN BACKWASH PUMPS (P7) FILTERE D WATER TANK RO SYSTEM 2 UNITS x 10,000 m

3

/day

Principle flow diagram for a 20,000 m 3 /day IMS system – encased UF

st I. 68 X 7 st II. 28 X 7 TO DRAIN

Mg remineralizing novel system

Load step Back to RO process Wash step Low TDS brine Exchange NaOH step [Mg 2+ ]>0 Stabilized water Cation Exch.

resin Seawater or 1 st stage brine following UF pretreat.

[Mg 2+ Back to the sea ]=0 CaCO 3(s) H 2 SO 4 25% to pH around 2.1 Water from RO process

Remineralization Pilot Plant, Singapore

Nanoparticles removal

• It is inevitable that nanotechnology-based consumer products enter the aquatic environment • Switzerland (2014): Engineered nanoparticles are present in the leachates from landfills and are released to surface water • Viewed as emerging pollutants: toxic, may cause cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other types of diseases • Their eco-environmental risks demonstrate strong need of developing effective water treatment processes

NP removal mechanisms

Transport β Attachment α Reaction/ effect k (Wiesner, 2014)

Nanoparticles and biofilm

• The fate and transport of NPs are affected by biofilms.

• Biofilms consist of bacteria and surrounding EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) • NPs can be transported and strongly attach to EPS surfaces • Initial studies (2009) have shown significant accumulations of NPs occurring in biofilms.

• Indication (2014) that NP’s attachment to EPS is governed by electrostatic interactions • Mg presence may enhance biofilm formation

Bio-fouling prevention

E.coli

inactivation by molecular capped Ag Nano-particles

Avner Adin Hadas Maman Gil Markovich Avital Dror-Ehre

Some of recent Israeli novel technologies

• Flexible filter beds with controlled porosity • Fiber optic technology which recycles UV photons • Detecting and counting bacteria in minutes instead of days • Sludge-less bio-reactors • Aerobic membrane bio reactor that consumes no energy for aeration • Hydrophilic membrane with higher flow at lower pressure • Electricity produced by electro genic bio-reactor.

Regulations and standards

 Wastewater quality for unrestricted irrigation  Wastewater quality for disposal to streams  Industrial effluent quality  Drinking water quality  Desalinated water quality  Materials and equipment

Conclusions • • • • •

More than 70% of the world population will live in cities Future City ’s water can be best managed with the help of science under four categories: health, aesthetics, recycling and water-energy A holistic interpretation of the water cycle can lead to the necessary scientific research challenges Upgrade of regulations and standards is needed, must be based on scientific knowledge Cooperation in water research among Mexican and Israeli scientists can lead to improved water management in the years to come

WATER IS LIFE

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