Transcript ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course

Module N° 4 – Hazards
Revision N° 11
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
01/01/08
Building an SMS
Module 10
Safety
Phased approach to
Management SMS Implementation
System
Module 8
Module 9
SMS planning
Module 5
Risks
Module 1
SMS course
introduction
Module N° 4
SMS operation
Module 6
SMS regulation
Module 2
Basic safety
concepts
Module 7
Introduction to SMS
Module 3
Introduction
to safety
management
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
Module 4
Hazards
2
Objective
At the end of this module, participants will be able to apply
the fundamentals of hazard identification and analysis
through a case study.
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Outline
 Two definitions
 First fundamental – Understanding hazards
 Second fundamental – Hazard identification
 Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
 Fourth fundamental – Documentation of hazards
 Questions and answers
 Points to remember
 Exercise 04/01 – International airport construction project
(See Handout N° 3)
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Two definitions
Hazard – Condition, object or activity with the potential of
causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or
structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform
a prescribed function.
Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard.
A wind of 15 knots blowing directly across the runway is
a hazard.
The potential that a pilot may not be able to control the
aircraft during takeoff or landing is one of the
consequences of the hazard.
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their
consequence(s).
“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway
incursion”
Stating a hazard as consequence(s)
disguises the nature of the hazard
interferes with identifying other important consequences.
Well-named hazards
allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard
allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s).
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First fundamental – Understanding hazards
Types of hazards
Natural
Technical
Economic
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Examples of natural hazards
Severe weather or climatic
events:
E.g.: hurricanes, major
winter storms, drought,
tornadoes, thunderstorms
lighting, and wind shear.
Adverse weather conditions:
E.g.: Icing, freezing
precipitation, heavy rain,
snow, winds, and
restrictions to visibility.
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Examples of natural hazards
Geophysical events:
E.g.: earthquakes, volcanoes,
tsunamis, floods and landslides.
Geographical conditions:
E.g.: adverse terrain or large
bodies of water.
Environmental events:
E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity,
and insect or pest infestation.
Public health events:
E.g.: epidemics of influenza or
other diseases.
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Examples of technical hazards
Deficiencies regarding:
E.g.: aircraft and aircraft
components, systems,
subsystems and related
equipment.
E.g.: an organization’s
facilities, tools, and related
equipment.
E.g.: facilities, systems, subsystems and related
equipment that are external to
the organization.
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Examples of economics hazards
Major trends related to:
 Growth.
 Recession.
 Cost of material or equipment.
 Etc.
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
In order to identify hazards, consider:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and
language.
…
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Organizational factors, such as company policies for
recruitment, training, remuneration and allocation of
resources.
Work environment factors, such as ambient noise and
vibration, temperature, lighting and protective equipment
and clothing.
...
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Second fundamental – Hazard identification
… consider:
Regulatory factors, including the applicability and
enforceability of regulations; certification of equipment,
personnel and procedures; and the adequacy of
oversight.
Defences including detection and warning systems, and
the extent to which the equipment is resilient against
errors and failures.
Human performance, including medical conditions and
physical limitations.
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Sources of hazard identification
Internal
Flight Data Analysis
Company voluntary
reporting system
Audits and surveys
External
Accident reports
State mandatory
occurrence system
As a reminder
Predictive
Proactive
Reactive
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Hazard identification
By whom?
By anybody
By designated personnel
How?
Through formal processes
Depends on the organization
When?
Anytime
Under specific conditions
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Hazard identification
Specific conditions
Unexplained increase in
safety-related events or
infractions.
Major operational
changes are foreseen.
Periods of significant
organizational change.
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Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
ABC of hazard analysis
A – State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
 Airport construction
B – Identify specific components of the hazard
 Construction equipment
 Closed taxiways
…
C – Naturally leading to specific consequence(s)
 Aircraft colliding with construction equipment
 Aircraft taking wrong taxiway
 …
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Third fundamental – Hazard analysis
Efficient and safe operations or provision of service require
a constant balance between production goals...
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
runway construction project
...and safety goals
maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome
operations during runway construction project
Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may not
be cost-effective to address even when operations must
continue (further discussed in Module 5).
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of
hazards
Appropriate documentation
management is important
as:
It is a formal procedure
to translate operational
safety data into hazardrelated information.
It becomes the “safety
library” of an
organization.
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of
hazards
Tracking and analysis of
hazards is facilitated by
standardizing:
Definitions
Understanding
Validation
Reporting
Measurement
Management
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Fourth fundamental – Documentation of
hazards
Hazards
Hazards
Method
Reactive method
• ASR
• MOR
• Incident reports
• Accident reports
Proactive method
• ASR
• Surveys
• Audits
Predictive method
• FDA
• Direct
observation
systems
Identification
Assess the
consequences
and prioritize
the risks
Management
Documentation
Assign
responsibilities
Information
Safety
management
information
Trend analysis
Develop control
and mitigation
strategies
Inform
person(s)
responsible for
implementing
strategies
Implement
strategies
Safety
bulletins
Report
distribution
Re-evaluate
strategies
and
processes
Seminars and
workshops
Feedback
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The focus of hazard identification
Hazard identification is a
wasted effort if restricted to
the aftermath of rare
“Practical
drift”is
occurrences where
there
serious injury, or significant
damage.
Accidents
1–5
Serious incidents
30 – 100
Incidents
100 – 1000
Latent conditions
1000 – 4000
“Practical drift”
SMS
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Hazards
Questions and answers
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Questions and answers
Q: Define the concept of hazard.
A:
Hazard – Condition, object or activity with the potential
of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment
or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to
perform a prescribed function.
Slide number: 5
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Questions and answers
Q: Provide three examples of areas/factors to consider
when identifying hazards.
A:
Design factors, including equipment and task design.
Procedures and operating practices, including
documentation and checklists.
Communications, including means, terminology and
language
Slide number: 12
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Questions and answers
Q: Name three specific circumstances when hazard
identification is essential.
A:
Unexplained increase in safety-related events or
infractions.
Major operational changes are foreseen.
Periods of significant organizational change.
Slide number: 17
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Points to remember
1. Hazards have potential consequences.
2. Sources of hazard identification
3. ABC of hazard management.
4. Hazard documentation: the “safety library” of an
organization.
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Hazards
Exercise 04/01 – International airport
construction project (Handout N° 3)
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International airport construction project
Group activity:
A facilitator will be appointed, who will coordinate the
discussion.
A summary of the discussion will be written on flip
charts, and a member of the group will brief on their
findings in a plenary session.
Scenario:
Construction project to extend and repave one of the
two crossing runways at an international airport
(100,000 movements a year).
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Aerodrome layout
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Three-phase construction project
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Scope of the work
Phase 1:
Extend the length of RWY 09-27 by 900 meters
westward and width from 30 to 45 meters from a point
100 m from the intersection with RWY 18-36, and
strengthen the runway extension (from asphalt to
concrete) to increase its Pavement Classification
Number (PCN).
Extend the length of TWY Delta by 900 meters
westward.
Estimated time to complete the work:
 Seven (7) months.
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Scope of the work
Phase 2:
Construct and enlarge new threshold entrance and
holding zone at TWY Charlie.
Extend the width of RWY 09-27 from 30 to 45 meters
and strengthen (from asphalt to concrete) this part of
the runway up to a point 200 m before intersection
TWY A-B to increase its PCN.
Estimated time to complete the work:
Five (5) months.
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Scope of the work
Phase 3:
Complete the construction work of RWY 09-27 for
the central area of the last 350 m at the intersection
of RWY 09-27 and RWY 18-36 (from asphalt to
concrete), increase its width from 30 to 45 meters
and its PCN.
Estimated time to complete the work:
Two (2) months.
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Scope of the work
Runway 18-36 utilization during the construction work
Continuous utilization of RWY 18-36 during the threephase construction project.
RWY 18-36 length is 3.850 m and the distance available
from threshold RWY 18 to intersection RWY 09-27 is
2.600 m.
Information must be provided to airport users.
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Identify hazards
Your task
Identify the hazards using brainstorming techniques.
 Brainstorm a list of possible hazards, their
components and their consequences (use a flip
chart).
Complete the attached log (Table 04/01) as follows:
 List type of operation or activity
 State the generic hazard (hazard statement)
 Identify specific components of the hazard
 List hazard-related consequences
It is recommended to conduct the analysis per phase of
construction.
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Table 04/01 – Hazard identification
N°
Type of
operation
or activity
Generic hazard
(hazard statement)
Specific
components of
the hazard
Hazard-related
consequences
1
2
3
4
5
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Module N° 4 – Hazards
Revision N° 11
ICAO Safety Management Systems (SMS) Course
01/01/08