Transcript Document
Industry Specific Resource Management Terry Palmer Rotorcraft Special Programs Manager FlightSafety International [email protected] "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in and throw flowers on him, and that's just about all." "But a direct lift aircraft could come in and save his life." Helicopter Pioneer Igor Sikorsky “I always believed that the helicopter would be an outstanding vehicle for the greatest variety of life-saving missions and now, near the close of my life, I have the satisfaction of knowing this has proved to be true.” — Igor Sikorsky Thank you to everyone who participated in the hurricane relief and rescue RM Overview • Historical Perspectives • What is Resource Management? • CRM, AMRM, MRM, TRM etc. – A method of making optimum use of the capability of the individuals and the systems in an aircraft to achieve the safest and most efficient completion of a flight Resource Management Enhance the safety culture within the helicopter operations by promoting team cohesiveness and adaptation during change through the use of available resources. RM Objectives • Identify and understand the basic bullets of RM: (assertiveness, communication, team building & situational awareness). • Identify and understand good decisions/successful outcomes in the aviation environment. • Identify and understand industry specific requirements. • Understand the importance of personality profiles and team member communication. • Identify essential steps to effective team building. Human Factors Malfunctions Human Error • Historically almost 100% of Training was spent on 5% of the problem (aircraft specific) • System errors or malfunctions make up only 5% of all aircraft accidents • Human errors make up 95% of the accidents Training for Emergencies How do we train for this? Soft Skills • Decision Making • Judgment • Resource Management • Professionalism Training in Simulators • • • • • • Based on actual scenarios Automation equipment and avionics Day and night Inadvertent IMC Include all crew Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) Classroom Training • • • • • • • Aircraft specific Industry specific Instrument procedures Avionics and equipment Decision making FAA regulations Resource Management Resource Management • Include all members of the team • Communication – Assertiveness – Conflict Resolution – Barriers – Culture Change – Feedback • Team Building – Mission Statement – Brief & Debrief Resource Management • Decision Making – Aeronautical Decision Making – Situational Awareness – Evaluation of Options – Risk Management – Judgment – Weather – IMC Resource Management • Human Factors – Critical Incident Stress Management – Fatigue Counter Measures – Flight Physiology – Flight Psychology – Stress Resource Management When? – – – – – Initial Indoctrination Awareness Recurrent Feedback Continuing Reinforcement & Evaluation Why Is RM Training Important ? Accidents/Incidents: Common Elements • 8 out of 10 incidents, someone, somewhere, had some piece of information which could have prevented the incident from happening, but failed to share it! • Why? Goals • The Ultimate Goal • Possible outcomes – – – – Aware - Successful Unaware - Successful Aware - Unsuccessful Unaware - Unsuccessful Communication Communication • Most of our tensions, anxieties, and frustrations result from poor communications. • Communication is taken for granted by most people. • Most people think they are good communicators, if other people would just listen! Perception Perception is Reality! aC AC Ac ac ac Perception is Reality! AC Communication • Be sensitive to workloads of other team members. • Communicate intent and plans clearly. • Understand the causes of communication breakdown. Briefings Planning: • Pre-flight briefings • Shift change briefings • Preflight • Share all information – include weather • EFFECTIVE TEAMS - Openly discuss options and alternatives • Do contingency planning • Debrief regularly Communication Checklist • • • • • • Ask the right questions Frankly state opinions Work out differences Criticize constructively Make decisions Manage Resources Assertiveness Responsibility Crewmember responsibilities/skills • • • • Work as a TEAM Support each other and pilot in command Monitor actions and decisions Speak up when you see a problem “When in doubt” - SPEAK OUT Team Assertiveness How can we enhance team assertiveness? • Most conservative response rule • Pilot in command request from other team members “It’s what you DON’T say that can kill you!” • How can the pilot in command or team member establish an atmosphere for team participation? Teamwork Who is on the Team ? Flight Nurses Chief Flight Nurses Meteorology Resources Attitude “There is little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. The difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative.” W. Clement Stone Team Attitude • Know your team – strengths and limitations – encourages situational awareness • Team ego – inflated ego feeds attitude – complacency possible Flight Discipline “Failures of flight discipline can – in a single instant overcome years of skill development, in-depth systems knowledge and thousands of hours of experience.” Tony Kern Team Discipline • Discipline / integrity – managing crisis – communication – procedures – regulations Personal Discipline • Individual Discipline – rogue tendencies – stress – attitude – multiple tasks – factors that cause breakdown The intent is to get everyone communicating and working together in the interest of safety. SUCCESSFUL TEAMS!!! • Make every effort to be effective communicators • Replace defensiveness with openness • Assertive, rather than aggressive • Avoid argument for the sake of argument • Don’t rain on another's parade • Avoid prophesying gloom and doom, and.... • Refuse to play games!!!!!!! Situational Awareness Situational Awareness Situational Awareness • What is it? Situational Awareness • Area or condition where any loss of SA has serious consequences. – Takeoff and final approach – Low level operations into confined areas or LZ's – Demo Flights – Repositioning Flights Danger Zone Sterile Cockpit • NO communications except safety related – takeoff – final approach, landing – flight not designated cruise flight • Final approach – Different missions have different pilot workload and team responsibilities. Repositioning Flight • • • • Tendency to relax High risk of complacency Casual conversation Mental review of previous mission = Decreased Situational Awareness ! Airspace • Understand your airspace • Designations indicate: – amount of possible traffic – frequency of communication required • Increase pilot workload Ground Crew Awareness • • Trained Aware of hazards – to aircraft – to personnel – to ground vehicles Ground Crew Awareness • Multiple aircraft hazards Regular Self-Preflight • • • • • • Illness - Symptoms? Medication - Prescription drugs? Stress - Excessive Pressure? Alcohol - 8+ hour company rule? Fatigue - Adequately rested? Eating - Adequately nourished? Stay Aware • Good Communication Skills Keep Teams Situationally Aware • Teamwork atmosphere – Keep alert to the responsiveness of other team member – Know ability of others to handle tasking Situational Awareness & the Judgment Chain • The sum total of the team’s perception of the facts and conditions affecting the safe outcome of a flight! Decision-Making I skate where the puck is going to be, not where it has been… Wayne Gretzky, hockey player Judgment • Information + Communication + Context = Knowledge • Education + Training + Experience + Vision = Wisdom • Knowledge + Wisdom = Judgment Safe Judgment • Hard earned wisdom retained in good protocols / procedures • Clear focus • Clear direction • Positive realistic attitude Experience • Experience Applied – "Experience is a hard teacher: she gives the test first, the lessons afterwards.“ – "Good judgement comes from experience, experience comes from bad judgement." Preventing accidents is the responsibility of everyone involved in helicopter operations Reducing accidents takes the dedicated involvement of all aviation professionals involved. We are all Partners in Safety Comments or Questions??? Industry Specific Resource Management Terry Palmer Rotorcraft Special Programs Manager FlightSafety International [email protected] Fort Woth, Texas 817-282-2557