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Outcome Based
Accountability
Mark Friedman
Fiscal Policy Studies Institute
Sante Fe, New Mexico
www.resultsbasedaccountabilty.com
www.raguide.com
www.trafford.com
Purpose
Improve outcomes
 Offer a partnership way of working
that helps move from:

 outcomes
to needs analysis
 to inter-agency service planning and
development
 to joint commissioning.
Why is it so good?
Adopted by government agencies
(including IdEA)
 Widely used in the US
 Used within many local authorities
already
 Simple, flexible
 Common language, common sense,
common ground

Outcome Accountability
is made up of two parts:
Population Accountability
about the well-being of
WHOLE POPULATIONS
for neighbourhoods – districts – regions - countries
Performance Accountability
About the well-being of
CLIENT POPULATIONS
for projects – agencies – service providers
Definitions
Outcomes
 Indicators
 Performance Measures

Definition: OUTCOMES
“A condition of well-being for children, adults,
families or communities.”
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Children born healthy
Children succeeding in school
Safe communities
Clean Environment
Prosperous Economy
Stated in plain language that people can understand
Not about government jargon
“A condition of well-being for people in a place......”
E.g. “All Babies in xxx are born healthy”
Every Child Matters Outcomes
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Being Healthy: enjoying good physical and mental
health and living a healthy lifestyle.
Staying Safe: being protected from harm and
neglect and growing up able to look after
themselves.
Enjoying and Achieving: getting the most out of life
and developing broad skills for adulthood.
Making a Positive Contribution: to the community
and to society and not engaging in anti-social or
offending behaviour.
Economic Well-being: overcoming socio-economic
disadvantages to achieve their full potential in life.
Definition: INDICATORS
A measure which helps quantify the achievement of an
outcome.
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Rate of low birth weight babies
Key stage test scores
Burglary rate
Air quality index
Life expectancy rates
How would we recognise these outcomes in measurable terms if we
tripped over them?
E.g. Low burglary rate helps to quantify a safe community
Definition: PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
A measure to evaluate how well a programme,
agency or service system is working.
Performance measures tell us how well service providers are
working as opposed to the impact on whole populations (i.e.
outcomes)
“All Performance Measures
that have ever existed
for any program
in the history of the universe
involve answering two sets of
interlocking questions….”
Programme Performance
Measures
QUANTITY
QUALITY
How Much How Well
did we do?
did we do it?
(number)
(percent)
Programme Performance
Measures
Effort
How hard did we try?
Effect
Is anyone any better off?
Mark Friedman
Programme Performance
Measures
Effort
How hard did we try?
Effect
Is anyone any better off?
Identifying Performance Measures
QUANTITY
QUALITY
EFFORT
How much did we do?
Number of customers served
How well did we do it?
% Common Measures
(by customer characteristic)
Number of Activities
(by type of activity)
% Activity measures
Is anyone better off?
EFFECT
(Skills/knowledge; attitude/opinion; behaviour; circumstances)
(Quantity)
(Percentage)
Performance
Accountability
Population
Accountability
From ends to means...
OUTCOMES
“A condition of well-being for
children, adults, families or
communities”
INDICATORS
ENDS
“A measure which helps quantify
the achievement of an outcome”
PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
“A measure to evaluate how well a
programme, agency or service
system is working”
MEANS
MEANS not ENDS:
(to improving outcomes)

Collaboration


(eg Children’s Trusts)
Funding pools


(eg Progressing Integration Project)
Service Integration


(eg Local Strategic Partnership)
System Reform


(in themselves)
(eg Pooled Budgets)
Strategies and Plans

(eg Sustainable Community Strategy, Children and Young
People Plan, Local Area Agreement)
Experience
Measure
Inches of Water
The Leaking Roof
Forecast
Time
Story behind the baseline (causes)
Partners
What Works?
Action Plan (Strategy)
OUTCOME
INDICATORS
BASELINES
STORY
Behind the baselines
PARTNERS
With a role to play
WHAT WORKS
“Children Being Healthy”
Measures of
the outcome
1. Infant mortality rate
2. Use of Class A Drugs
3. % Teenage Smokers
• Where we’ve been
• Where we’re going
• Where we want to be
• The causes, the forces at work
• What’s driving the baselines?
Data
Development
Agenda (Pt 1)
• Public, Private and Voluntary Sector
• Community groups
• Residents
• What would it take to turn the curve?
• Best practice
Data
• Best hunches
Development
Agenda (Pt 2)
ACTION PLAN
• What we propose to do, how and by when
Using The Framework
The outcome required
State who is your population
The indicators measuring this
The story behind the baseline
Data development agenda
Key Partners
Ideas to improve
The Linkage between Population
and Customer Outcomes
POPULATION ACCOUNTABILITY
POPULATION
Being Healthy
Rate of low birth-weight babies
OUTCOMES
Contribution
Relationship
Staying Safe
Rate of Child Abuse and Neglect
Enjoying and Achieving
% with five GCSEs Grade A-C
Alignment of
Measures
PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY
Child Protection Service
No. of
Investigations
completed
Appropriate
Responsibility
% initiated
within 24
hours of
report
No. of repeat % of repeat
abuse/neglect abuse/neglect
cases
cases
CUSTOMER
OUTCOMES
Turning the curve AND
Narrowing the gap
Improving outcomes for vulnerable
populations
 Use the “turning the curve” templates
to narrow the gap.

Indicator Result
Narrowing The Gap
“Backcasting”
Forecasting
Where have we been?
Where are we going?
Not OK?
Vulnerable group
The curve to turn:
bigger for vulnerable groups
to narrow the gap
All C&YP
PAST
NOW
Good performance is low
FUTURE