I. The Nature of Solutions
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Transcript I. The Nature of Solutions
Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions
I
I. The Nature of Solutions
II
III
(p. 401 - 410, 425 - 433)
C. Johannesson
A. Definitions
Solution
- homogeneous mixture
Solute - substance
being dissolved
Solvent - present in
greater amount
C. Johannesson
A. Definitions
Solute - KMnO4
C. Johannesson
Solvent - H2O
B. Solvation
Solvation
– the process of dissolving
solute particles are surrounded by
solvent particles
solute particles are separated and
pulled into solution
C. Johannesson
B. Solvation
-
-
+
sugar
-
+
+
salt
acetic acid
NonElectrolyte
Weak
Electrolyte
Strong
Electrolyte
solute exists as
molecules
only
solute exists as
ions and
molecules
solute exists as
ions only
View animation online.
C. Johannesson
DISSOCIATION
IONIZATION
B. Solvation
“Like Dissolves Like”
NONPOLAR
POLAR
NONPOLAR
POLAR
C. Johannesson
B. Solvation
Soap/Detergent
• polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”
• dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water
C. Johannesson
C. Solubility
UNSATURATED
SOLUTION
more solute
dissolves
SATURATED
SOLUTION
no more solute
dissolves
concentration
C. Johannesson
SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION
becomes unstable,
crystals form
C. Solubility
Solubility
• maximum grams of solute that will
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given
temperature
• varies with temp
• based on a saturated soln
C. Johannesson
C. Solubility
Solubility
Curve
• shows the
dependence of
solubility on
temperature
C. Johannesson
C. Solubility
Solids
are more soluble at...
• high temperatures.
Gases are more soluble at...
• low temperatures &
• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).
• EX: nitrogen narcosis,
the “bends,” soda
C. Johannesson
Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions
I
II. Concentration
II
III
(p. 412 - 418)
C. Johannesson
A. Concentration
The
amount of solute in a solution.
Describing
Concentration
• % by mass - medicated creams
• % by volume - rubbing alcohol
• ppm, ppb - water contaminants
• molarity - used by chemists
• molality - used by chemists
C. Johannesson
B. Molality
moles of solute
molality(m)
kg of solvent
0.25 mol
0.25m
1 kg
mass of solvent only
1 kg water = 1 L water
C. Johannesson
C. Dilution
Preparation
of a desired solution by
adding water to a concentrate.
Moles of solute remain the same.
M 1V1 M 2V2
C. Johannesson
D. Preparing Solutions
1.54m NaCl in
0.500 kg of water
• mass 45.0 g of NaCl
• add 0.500 kg of water
500
mL of 1.54M NaCl
• mass 45.0 g of NaCl
• add water until total
volume is 500 mL
500 mL
water
500 mL
mark
45.0 g
NaCl
C. Johannesson
500 mL
volumetric
flask
D. Preparing Solutions
Copyright © 1995-1996 NT Curriculum Project, UW-Madison
(above: “Filling the volumetric flask”)
C. Johannesson
D. Preparing Solutions
Copyright © 1995-1996 NT Curriculum Project, UW-Madison
(above: “Using your hand as a stopper”)
C. Johannesson
D. Preparing Solutions
250 mL of 6.0M HNO3
by dilution
95 mL of
15.8M HNO3
• measure 95 mL
of 15.8M HNO3
• combine with water until
total volume is 250 mL
250 mL
mark
• Safety: “Do as you
oughtta, add the acid to
the watta!”
water
for
safety
C. Johannesson
Solution Preparation Lab
Turn in one paper per team.
Complete the following steps:
A) Show the necessary calculations.
B) Write out directions for preparing the solution.
C) Prepare the solution.
For each of the following solutions:
1) 100.0 mL of 0.50M NaCl
2) 0.25m NaCl in 100.0 mL of water
3) 100.0 mL of 3.0M HCl from 12.1M concentrate.
C. Johannesson
Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions
I
III. Colligative Properties
II
III
(p. 436 - 446)
C. Johannesson
A. Definition
Colligative
Property
• property that depends on the
concentration of solute particles, not
their identity
C. Johannesson
B. Types
Freezing
Point Depression (tf)
• f.p. of a solution is lower than f.p. of
the pure solvent
Boiling
Point Elevation (tb)
• b.p. of a solution is higher than b.p. of
the pure solvent
C. Johannesson
B. Types
Freezing Point Depression
View Flash animation.
C. Johannesson
B. Types
Boiling Point Elevation
Solute particles weaken IMF in the solvent.
C. Johannesson
B. Types
Applications
• salting icy roads
• making ice cream
• antifreeze
• cars (-64°C to 136°C)
• fish & insects
C. Johannesson
C. Calculations
t = k · m · n
t: change in temperature (°C)
k: constant based on the solvent (°C·kg/mol)
m: molality (m)
n: # of particles
C. Johannesson
C. Calculations
# of Particles
• Nonelectrolytes (covalent)
• remain intact when dissolved
• 1 particle
• Electrolytes (ionic)
• dissociate into ions when dissolved
• 2 or more particles
C. Johannesson
C. Calculations
At what temperature will a solution that is
composed of 0.73 moles of glucose in 225 g of
phenol boil?
GIVEN:
WORK:
b.p. = ?
m = 0.73mol ÷ 0.225kg
tb = ?
tb = (3.60°C·kg/mol)(3.2m)(1)
kb = 3.60°C·kg/mol
tb = 12°C
m = 3.2m
b.p. = 181.8°C + 12°C
n=1
b.p. = 194°C
tb = kb · m · n
C. Johannesson
C. Calculations
Find the freezing point of a saturated solution of
NaCl containing 28 g NaCl in 100. mL water.
GIVEN:
f.p. = ?
tf = ?
kf = 1.86°C·kg/mol
WORK:
m = 0.48mol ÷ 0.100kg
tf = (1.86°C·kg/mol)(4.8m)(2)
m = 4.8m
n=2
tf = kf · m · n
f.p. = 0.00°C - 18°C
tf = 18°C
f.p. = -18°C
C. Johannesson
Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids &
Bases
I. Introduction to
Acids & Bases
I
II
(p. 453 - 473)
III
C. Johannesson
A. Properties
electrolytes
sour taste
turn litmus red
react with metals
to form H2 gas
vinegar, milk, soda,
apples, citrus fruits
C. Johannesson
electrolytes
bitter taste
turn litmus blue
slippery feel
ammonia, lye,
antacid, baking soda
ChemASAP
B. Definitions
Arrhenius
- In aqueous solution…
• Acids form hydronium ions (H3O+)
HCl + H2O
+
H3O
H
H
Cl
acid
C. Johannesson
O
H
H
–
+
O
H
+
Cl
H
–
Cl
B. Definitions
Arrhenius
- In aqueous solution…
• Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)
NH3 + H2O
+
NH4
H
H
H
N
H
base
C. Johannesson
O
H
H
–
+
O
N
H
+
OH
H
H
H
B. Definitions
Brønsted-Lowry
• Acids are proton (H+) donors.
• Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
HCl + H2O
acid
–
Cl
+
+
H3O
base
conjugate base
C. Johannesson
conjugate acid
B. Definitions
H2O + HNO3 H3O+ + NO3–
B
C. Johannesson
A
CA
CB
B. Definitions
NH3 + H2O
B
A
Amphoteric
C. Johannesson
+
NH4
CA
+
OH
CB
- can be an acid or a base.
B. Definitions
Give the conjugate base for each of the following:
HF
F
H3PO4
H2PO4
+
H3O
H2O
Polyprotic
C. Johannesson
-
- an acid with more than one H+
B. Definitions
Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:
Br
C. Johannesson
-
HBr
HSO4
H2SO4
2CO3
HCO3
B. Definitions
Lewis
• Acids are electron pair acceptors.
• Bases are electron pair donors.
Lewis
base
C. Johannesson
Lewis
acid
C. Strength
Strong
Acid/Base
• 100% ionized in water
• strong electrolyte
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
HBr
HI
HClO4
C. Johannesson
-
+
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
C. Strength
Weak
- +
Acid/Base
• does not ionize completely
• weak electrolyte
HF
CH3COOH
H3PO4
H2CO3
HCN
C. Johannesson
NH3
Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids &
Bases
I
II. pH
II
III
(p. 481 - 491)
C. Johannesson
A. Ionization of Water
H 2O + H 2 O
Kw =
H3
+
[H3O ][OH ]
C. Johannesson
+
O
+
= 1.0
OH
-14
10
A. Ionization of Water
Find
the hydroxide ion concentration of
3.0 10-2 M HCl.
[H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 10-14
[3.0 10-2][OH-] = 1.0 10-14
[OH-] = 3.3 10-13 M
Acidic orAcidic
basic?
C. Johannesson
B. pH Scale
14
0
7
INCREASING
ACIDITY
pH =
NEUTRAL
+
-log[H3O ]
pouvoir hydrogène (Fr.)
“hydrogen power”
C. Johannesson
INCREASING
BASICITY
B. pH Scale
pH of Common Substances
C. Johannesson
B. pH Scale
pH =
+
-log[H3O ]
pOH =
-log[OH ]
pH + pOH = 14
C. Johannesson
B. pH Scale
What
is the pH of 0.050 M HNO3?
pH = -log[H3O+]
pH = -log[0.050]
pH = 1.3
Acidic orAcidic
basic?
C. Johannesson
B. pH Scale
What
is the molarity of HBr in a solution
that has a pOH of 9.6?
pH + pOH = 14
pH = -log[H3O+]
pH + 9.6 = 14
4.4 = -log[H3O+]
pH = 4.4
-4.4 = log[H3O+]
Acidic
[H3O+] = 4.0 10-5 M HBr
C. Johannesson
Ch. 15 & 16 - Acids &
Bases
I
III. Titration
II
III
(p. 493 - 503)
C. Johannesson
A. Neutralization
Chemical
reaction between an acid and
a base.
Products are a salt (ionic compound)
and water.
C. Johannesson
A. Neutralization
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
strong
strong
neutral
HC2H3O2 + NaOH NaC2H3O2 + H2O
weak
strong
basic
• Salts can be neutral, acidic, or basic.
• Neutralization does not mean pH = 7.
C. Johannesson
B. Titration
standard solution
Titration
• Analytical method
in which a standard
solution is used to
determine the
concentration of an
unknown solution.
unknown solution
C. Johannesson
B. Titration
Equivalence
point (endpoint)
• Point at which equal
amounts of H3O+ and OHhave been added.
• Determined by…
• indicator color change
• dramatic change in pH
C. Johannesson
B. Titration
+
O
moles H3 = moles
MVn = MVn
OH
M: Molarity
V: volume
n: # of H+ ions in the acid
or OH- ions in the base
C. Johannesson
B. Titration
42.5
mL of 1.3M KOH are required to
neutralize 50.0 mL of H2SO4. Find the
molarity of H2SO4.
H3O+
OH-
M=?
M = 1.3M
V = 50.0 mL
n=2
V = 42.5 mL
n=1
C. Johannesson
MV# = MV#
M(50.0mL)(2)
=(1.3M)(42.5mL)(1)
M = 0.55M H2SO4