Transcript Physical Science - Pleasant Hill Elementary School

Physical Science
Chapter 19: Elements and
Their Properties
Metals
• G1 metals are called Alkali Metals
• G2 metals are called Alkaline Earth
Metals
Metals
• Most G1 & G2 metals share
similar properties.
They are shiny, solids at room
temperature, can conduct
heat and electricity, and G1
and G2 are very reactive
Metals
Malleable - can be hammered or rolled
into thin sheets
Ex.: Aluminum foil, sheet metal
Metals
 Ductile
- can be pulled into thin wires
Ex.: electric cords, barbed wire
• What do you think is the main reason you
might pull a piece of metal into a wire?
Calcium (Ca)
• Found in bones, teeth, milk
• Necessary part of your diet
Magnesium (Mg)
• Very strong and lightweight
• Welding, fireworks, aircraft,
"aluminum" bats, burns with a
white-hot flame
Barium - Ba
• Alkaline earth metal
• Used for soft-tissue x-rays
Sodium (Na) & Potassium (K)
• Sodium - salt (NaCl), lye (NaOH),
flammable in water
• Potassium - in bananas, prevents muscle
cramps
Transition Elements
• G3 to G12 (plus a few stragglers)
• Similar properties of G1 & G2 metals,
except they are not nearly as reactive
• These elements are still considered
“metals”
Iron (Fe)


Most commonly used metal, 2nd most abundant
metal (mined as iron ore)
Used to make steel (Fe & C) (lighter, stronger,
more flexible, cheaper than iron)

Needed in your diet
Nickel (Ni) & Copper (Cu)
• Nickel - corrosion resistant, used in coins
• Copper - very good conductor, used in
wiring, coins, cookware,
bronze, brass
Silver (Ag) & Gold (Au)


Precious metals and good
conductors, gold is very dense
Used in jewelry, coins, and
dental work
• How do you think panning for gold
works?
Lead (Pb)
soft, heavy, gray metal
 fishing sinkers, ammunition, provides
protection from x-rays

Zinc (Zn)
• Used in coins, car undercoatings,
and used to coat other metals to
slow corrosion (galvanizing)
Mercury (Hg)
• The only metal which is a
liquid at room temperature
• Used in thermostats,
batteries, and dental work.
• Poisonous if swallowed or
absorbed very dense
Aluminum (Al)
• Most abundant
metal on earth
(solid earth)
• Light and strong;
used in aircraft
bodies, food
storage, baseball
bats, automobiles
• You know that the Periodic Table is set up so
that elements in the same families have
similar properties. Identify 3 specific
properties shared by the group 11 elements.
Metalloids
• The 7 elements above and below the stair-step
line, excluding Aluminum and Astatine.
• Have some properties of metals and some
properties of non-metals.
Silicon (Si)
• 2nd most abundant element on
earth (solid earth)
• Found in sand and used for
glass, computer chips, and in
liquid form as a lubricant
Non-metals
► To
the right of the metalloids,
most are gases at room
temperature.
► Includes
the Halogens and
Noble Gases
Figure 7
Periodic Table of Elements
Carbon (C)


Found in all living organisms
Plastic, rubber, graphite, coal,
diamonds and other allotropes
(different forms of the same pure
element)
Nitrogen (N)
• Makes up 78% of the air
we breathe
• fertilizers and explosives
Oxygen (O)
• O2 is oxygen gas which we breathe,
it makes up 21% of the air (on avg.)
• O3 is ozone which protects the earth
from ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Is oxygen gas flammable? Hmmm......
• Based on what you know about atoms,
why do you think it is often harder to catch
your breath at higher altitudes?
Sulfur (S)

Used for matches, yellow
dyes, gun powder, and
insecticide.
 Has a rotten egg smell.
Phosphorus - P
• non-metal used as a water softener
• also found in laundry detergents and
fluorescent lights
Halogens (G17)
• Fluorine (F) - the most reactive element,
in toothpaste and tap water
• Chlorine (Cl) - disinfectant in
water, drinking water and
swimming pools, used in
bleach, Cl2 is a poisonous
gas
Iodine - I
• Halogen (non-metal)
• Used as a disinfectant, and
sublimates when heated, found in
iodized salt
• Needed in your diet, severe
deficiencies can result in goiter
Noble Gases (G18)



Very stable (unreactive, inert)
Helium (He) - used in balloons, blimps, and
diving tanks
Neon (Ne) - lighting and lasers
Other Elements
• Hydrogen (H) - most abundant on earth
(90%) and in the universe and on earth
H2O, H2 is lightweight and explosive
• put in G1 because of it's reactivity
Uranium (U)
• Highly radioactive naturally found element
• Used in nuclear weapons and nuclear power
• Must be mined and refined to be in a usable form
Plutonium (Pu)

Plutonium - a synthetic
(man-made) element,
also radioactive, but
more stable, made from
uranium
Transuranium Elements

Elements # 93 and above

Radioactive and synthetic (man-made)
• Synthetic elements are created in laboratories by adding
particles, usually protons, to the nucleus of an already
existing atom.
• Therefore, the Periodic Table will continue to change. It
will never be a finished product.
Lanthanides & Actinides
• These periods (horizontal rows) are off-set at the
bottom of the Periodic Table because their properties
do not necessarily fit in where their atomic numbers
would have them placed.
Also, their presence in the upper table would push
other elements into the wrong groups.
• An ore is a naturally found sample of an
element in compound form.
• Metal ores, such as iron,
are mined from the ground,
and have the impurities
removed.
• The Periodic Table as we know it was created by Dmitri
Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, in the late 1800’s.
Why do think it’s called the Periodic Table?
• Let’s say that there is absolutely no wind at
all. You let a helium filled mylar balloon
loose, and it floats upward. After a while,
however, the balloon will stop rising and just
hover in place. Why?
1. What are 5 general properties that all metals have?
2. What is the main difference between the transition elements and Groups
1& 2?
3. Sheet metal has been pounded flat and electric cords have been pulled
into a wire. What are the 2 terms which describe these properties?
4. What is galvanizing and why is it done?
5. Identify each of the following elements:
A. Metal used to make steel
B. Precious metal which is used in coins and dental work
C. Reactive element found in salt and lye
D. Element used for soft tissue x-rays
E. Heavy, soft, gray element used in ammunition
F. Strong light metal used in jets and baseball bats
G. Metal which is a liquid at room temperature
H. Element commonly used to coat most coins
I. Fairly valuable metal used in electric wires, plumbing, and coins
6. What is the name of the classification of Group 1 elements? Group 2?
7. What is the number 1 use for a metal after it has been pulled into a wire?
8. Which Group 1 element does not have metallic properties? Why not?
9. Why do you think coins are made from Transition Elements and not
elements from Groups 1 or 2.
Identify the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Used in matches and gunpowder
Heaviest naturally occurring element
Most commonly used metal
Dense metal which can block x-rays
2 elements put in public water
supplies
• 2 elements used in fluorescent lighting
• Lightest Noble Gas
• Two allotropes of carbon
• Tell which of the following does not belong in
the group, and explain why:
1. Transition elements, Alkali metals, Halogens,
Alkaline Earth Metals
2. Carbon, Nickel, Sulfur, Calcium, Mercury