Transcript State-building, expansion and conflict

State-building, expansion and
conflict
• Political structures and forms of
governance
• Empires
• Nations and nationalism
• Revolts and revolutions
• Regional, transregional, and global
structures and organizations
FOUNDATIONS
Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoral nomads have
limited political structure.
With the development of
farming and cities, political
organization becomes
much more complex.
Why?
Egypt and the Shang in China were highly
centralized. They developed bureaucracies,
dynasties, and used religion to justify the
position of the rulers.
Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large.
They had to invent new ways to keep their land together.
How did the classical empires accomplish this?
Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some
shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected
military. Later, an empire with focus on
military conquest, colonization, and law codes.
The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the
rule by the whim of the emperor.
China:
Mandate of Heaven, the emperor
was the Sun of Heaven housed in
the Forbidden City.
Yellow Turban Revolt
from t
What causes regionalism?
Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the
military.
The greatest of the Mauryan kings
was? Why?
Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based
societies and others developed
stateless societies which were
A. centralized.
B. decentralized.
How do you know?
Post-Classical World
600-1450
WEST AFRICA
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Ghana and Mali
Became rich by taxing traders
Powerful military (see a pattern here?)
Mali first major leader Sundiata and later
Mansa Musa
Islamic Empires
• After Muhammad’s death, the government
set up rule by a Caliph.
• Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by
well-trained armies
• Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian
and Byzantine empires
Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________?
“Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it?
Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative
with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
• Equal–field system
• Strong support for
transportation and
communication
• Meritocracy
• Religion played a role
• Took tribute from their
neighbors
• Hegemony over
neighbors
• Expanded
meritocracy
• Didn’t emphasize the
military as much so
not as much
hegemony
• Trade,
communication and
transportation still
important
YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called
Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection
led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to
their downfall.
Who really had the power in
Japan?
What do these names have in
common?
Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa
The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more
powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?
European Feudalism established political and military relationships.
Byzantium
Justinian law codes the biggest legacy.
The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the
church as well.
Russia
Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state
by the 10thc. in Kiev.
THE AMERICAS
• Maya: city-states w/ no central govt.
• Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan
who didn’t have absolute power; a council
of aristocrats made many decisions; no
elaborate bureaucracy
• Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the
Inca owned all of the land; elaborate
bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s
power; quipu kept records
1450-1750
Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance.
Major maritime powers were?
Major Gunpowder Empires were?
The Ming defeat the Yuan.
Establish trade and bureaucracy again!
Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again!
Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again!
Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats
were xenophobic.
Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the
Forbidden City….again!
Invaded by outsiders…again!
Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify…
again!
WESTERN EUROPE
The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas!
Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by
taking on absolutism.
In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings!
Later, so do France and England.
Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights
of the nobility and created
Parliament.
King Henry VIII Church and takes
over the monasteries separates
from the Catholic church.
Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish
Armada.
After the English Civil War the power of the king is
limited by the….of 1688
It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed
wealthier merchants to participate in the government
Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!”
I AM THE STATE!
Absolutely!
Kings were not gods, but they were
His lieutenants on earth.
He greatly weakened the power of the
nobles and the feudal system.
Absolutists
• Russia and Peter the
Great
• Wanted to westernize
• Reformed military and
created the navy
• Reorganized
bureaucracy/took
titles away from
nobles
• Ottoman Empire
under Suleyman the
Magnificent (sultan)
• Used captured
Christian boys as
skilled soldiers and
bureaucratsJanissaries
• Grand Vizier
Colonies in the New World
• Spain and Portugal
• Developed large
bureaucracies in
urban areas
• Brought concepts of
feudalism and
absolutism with them
• English colonies had
no bureaucracies
• Colonists et up their
own structures like
representative bodies
and ran their own
affairs…salutary
neglect