Transcript Diplomacy & The Great War

•1914-1918:
The World
at War
Vietnam Memorial – 58,000 Americans
How long would the WWI Memorial Wall be?
14 Miles
Focus Question
• The “Celebration of War” – What does it
mean?
Causes
of
World War I
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Alliances
• 1. Germany – Bismarck’s main goal was to
isolate France (Alsace/Lorraine).
• He also needed to keep peace between Russia
and Austria
Alliances
• 2. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) – Germany,
A/H, Italy (1880s)
A. Bismarck added Russia to isolate France,
but A/H and Russia are enemies. He needed to
keep peace
B. New German leadership want to be
imperialistic. They let treaty with Russia lapse
(1890).
C. Encourages A/H to attack Serbia.
Alliances
• 3. Triple Entente (Allies) – France, GB, and
Russia (1904)
A. France feared Germany and needed
allies. Persuade Russia (1894) - Democratic
B. GB – Feared Germany’s naval build-up.
Interfered w/ trade. 1904 – France and GB
settle colonial disputes. GB joins Entente and
is no longer isolated.
Alliance
• Cont.
C. Morocco Crisis (1911) – Germany tries to
break up GB and France.
D. Russia and GB had colonial disputes
(Afghanistan and Persia), but settled because
of fear of Russia.
Alliances
• This placed pressure on Germany. A/H was
the only trusted ally and they can not be
weakened by war with the Slavs.
• Germany viewed the Entente as hostile, but it
was created to preserve peace in Europe.
2. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
Imperialism
• 1. Morocco – controlled by France, but
Germany has commercial interests (port).
• 2. Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands
• 3. Imposed taxes on their subjects
• 4. The need for raw materials and markets
3. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Militarism
• 1. All powers build up Military (1870-1914)
A. Germany builds up navy and GB
answers.
B. France embarrassed by Franco-Prussian
War.
C. Russia needs to protect Serbia and war
with Japan in 1905.
Europe in 1914
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
The
“Spark”
Balkans
• 1. Russia (1908) – wanted a sea route to the
Mediterranean.
- Ottomans and A/H controlled the
Dardanelles.
- A/H wanted to annex Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
- A/H and Russia cut a deal, but France and GB
veto.
Balkans
• 2. Serbia – upset about annexation, Russia
humiliated
- Balkan War (1912) – Russia vowed to help w/
next confrontation w/ A/H.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
Assassination
• 1. Archduke Ferdinand favored policy to give
Slavs equality with Hungary.
• 2. Black Hand – Pro-Slavic terrorist group, not
supported by Serbia.
• 3. 6/28/1914 - Sarajevo, Bosnia – Ferdinand
and his wife were killed by Princip. The
Serbian Govt. knew about the plans.
The Assassin: Gavrilo
Princip
48 Hour Ultimatum
• Terms were so harsh that it was impossible for
Serbia to accept. A/H wanted a military
solution
1.Limited War vs. General War – Serbia vs. A/H
2.Russia was going to protect Serbia and
Germany was going to protect A/H
3.What is France and GB going to do?
Declaration of War
• 1. July 28, 1914 – A/H declares war on Serbia.
• 2. July 30, - Russia starts full mobilization.
• 3. August 1 – Germany declare war on Russia
and 2 days later declares war on France.
• 4. Germany turns full attention on France and
enters neutral Belgium. GB has no choice but
to enter the war.
Who’s To Blame?
Germany – A/H – Serbia – Russia – France - GB
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
War as Celebration
Recruitment Posters
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The Western
Front:France
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
Schlieffen Plan
• 1. 2 fronts – Attack France and defeat quickly,
then move to Russia (RR).
• 2. Problems
A. Belgium – heavily fortified
B. Strong resistance from the Dutch
C. Russia mobilized quickly
The Western Front
Western Front
• The French attacked Alsace/Lorraine
• Battle of the Marne (9/5) – Germans 8 miles
from Paris. 2.5 million troops fought. The end
of the Schlieffen Plan
• Reconnaissance Planes and 600 taxi cabs
• Race to the North Sea – Try to outflank each
other
Battle of the Marne
Trench Warfare
• Stalemate – shovels, landmines, barbed wire,
and machine guns
• Poison gas (wind aided), tanks, and planes
• Modern Weapons more deadly
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000
Verdun
• 2/1916 – French
fortress is attacked for 5
months – 750,000
troops die
• Underground bunkers
• 40 million artillery shells
• Germans thought the
French would quit WRONG
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Tank used for the first time (3 mph)
Unrestricted Sub Warfare (Starve Britain)
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The
Eastern
Front
Italy
• 1915 – they enter the side of the Allies,
because they are promised A/H land.
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Gallipoli
• British attack Turkey to claim Dardanelles. It is
a disaster for Churchill – Russia?
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
The Tsar with General Brusilov
Russia
• Russia had the numbers, but not ready for
war.
• 1916 offensive – Forced A/H back, but lost 1
million men.
• Poor morale at the front and at home
• 1917 - Russian Revolution
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
America
Joins
the
Allies
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918)
• Russia (communists) signs the treaty with
Germany
• Russia gives up Poland, the Ukraine, Finland,
and the Baltic States
• 34% of population
• 32% of farmland
• 54% industrial centers
• 89% of coal
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
War at Sea
• Restricted sub warfare – decode wire messages
• 1. Lusitania (1915) – 1 torpedo warning, 128
Americans killed
- Gulflight – American merchant ship sunk –
America stays neutral
• 2. Unrestricted sub warfare (1917) – Germans
wanted to starve GB. They torpedoed neutral
and enemy ships.
War at Sea
• Convoy system –
Merchant ships
protected by British and
American navy
U.S. Enters War
• Zimmerman Note (March 1917) – German
Foreign Minister promised Mexico Arizona,
Texas, and New Mexico, if they join Germany.
• German spies try to bribe members of
Congress
• April 4, 1917 – Declaration of War – First
combat troops on 10/21/17
• End of the stalemate?
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash,
1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their
Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
Germany’s Last Offensive
• 3/21/18 - Attack British and push them back.
• The British and Americans hold on.
• Then, the Germans attack the French and
push them back to within 50 miles of Paris.
• The Americans save the day.
• 11/11/18 on the 11th hour – Germany signs an
Armistice. What does this mean?
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died –
3-6% of the
population
Spanish Flu
9,000,000 Russians Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Wilson Presents His Plan
• Fourteen Points-Plan for World Peace
• Fourteen Points speech given before
Congress, points divided into three
groups
• First 5 points Wilson believed had to
be addressed to prevent another war
• Self-determination
14 POINTS
1. There should be no secret treaties
among nations.
2. Freedom of the seas.
3. Free Trade
4. Arms should be reduced – use
diplomacy
5. Self-determination of colonies
14-points continued
• 6-13 dealt with boundary changes
• 14th point - League of Nations- provide a
forum for nations to discuss and settle
their grievances without war
The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
• Georges Clemenceau-French premier angry
about German invasions
• David Lloyd George-British Prime Minister, “Make
Germany Pay”
• Peace Conference did not include Central Powers
or Russia – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk rejected
• Treaty of Versailles-created new nations, shifted
boundaries, and barred Germany from
maintaining an Army – Weaken Germany
• Germany made to pay reparations-pay war
damages amounting to 33 billion – Saar Basin
and Rhineland
Treaty’s Weaknesses
• Flaws in the treaty sowed the seeds of postwar
international problems that eventually lead to
WWII
• Treaty humiliated Germany
• War-Guilt Clause-forced Germany to admit sole
responsibility for starting WWI
• No way Germany could pay the bill
• Russia was excluded from the peace conference
and lost more territory than Germany (Russia
had the most causalities in war and fought for 3
years)
Debate of the Treaty
• Some believed treaty was too harsh
• A few felt that the League of Nations
threatened US isolationism and the
constitutional right of Congress to declare war
• Wilson set out in the US and spoke about the
League of Nations
• Became ill on October 2, 1919 and suffered a
stroke
• US Senate rejected the League of Nations and
signed a separate treaty w/ Germany in 1921
THE LEGACY OF THE WAR
• Adolf Hitler emerged as an angry WWI vet and rose
to power in Germany
• Treaty of Versailles settled nothing
• World War I changed the U.S.
– Strengthened military
– Social change for African Americans and Women