Transcript Ch. 28
Chapter 28
The great Western empires declined and were replaced
by regional groups and multinational corporations
There are several triggers for this dramatic shift.
Collapse of European imperial dominance and subsequent
decolonization.
Massive technological innovation in military capacity and
communications.
Explosion in population growth.
These triggers created political innovation and a renewed
globalization.
Many societies resisted changes to traditional
worldviews.
These developments effected people’s emotions and
behaviors by decreasing birth rates and increasing
consumerism.
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
Germany was competing
with Britain to build
Dreadnought battleships.
The British
feared an
attack on
their Empire
Germany was competing with
Russia and France to expand their
armies
1880
Germany
France
Russia
1.3mil.
0.73mil.
0.40mil.
1914
5.0 mil.
4.0 mil.
1.2 mil.
Compare total U.S. forces today 1.082
million
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Built up German army and
navy
Aggressive foreign policy
after 1910
Wanted to equal British
navy -- arms race
Determined to make
Germany a top nation.
Distrusted by other
powers
By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
Triple Alliance
Central Powers (add...)
Ottomans Oct. 1914
Bulgaria Oct. 1915
Triple Entente
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy (but…1915)
Great Britain
France
Russia
Allied Powers (add...)
Italy (May 1915, defence only)
Japan
USA (1917)
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.
Central Powers:
(rapid
communications
and movement,
Germany
(#1 Army)
better Army)
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Allies: (more
soldiers, better
industry, and navy)
Great Britain (#1 Navy)
Russia
France
Italy
Japan
United States (1917)
+26 other countries
All the great powers were competing for colonies &
territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa & in their sea
lanes.
The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the Balkans
This was an age when all nations wanted to assert
their power and independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted
to be free of Austrian rule. (Pan-Slavism)
Austria Annexed
Bosnia Herzegovina
(1908)
“The Balkan
Powder Keg”
Balkans site of many
conflicts
Serbia’s
national flag
28 June 1914
Heir to Austrian
throne Archduke
Franz Ferdinand
visits Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia,
recently grabbed by
Austria (1908)
Hotbed of Slavic
nationalism
Seal of the Black Hand
group
13 Basic Steps to World War…..
1.
6/28/1914, Gavriel Princip assassinates Austrian archduke in Sarajevo.
2.
1st afraid of what Russia would do, they secured support from Germany
7/5/1914, Germany gives “blank cheque”to Austria before the Kaiser went
on a cruise on his yacht until 27 Aug!
3.
7/23-7/28/1914, “July Crisis” Austria-Hungary sends a very tough “July
Ultimatum” for Serbia (Threatened harmful action if demands not met)
4.
7/24/1914, Serbia agrees to all but one(2) term of the ultimatum (Police in
Serbia)
5.
7/28/1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (quick victory?)
6.
7/29/1914, Russia mobilizes troops to Austria-Hungary & German Borders
7.
7/30/1914, Germany demands that Russia stands its armies down
8.
7/31/1914, German ultimatum to Russia, stop its mobilization, or Germany
would attack France. Germany begins mobilizing
9.
8/1/1914, Germany declares war on Russia
10.
8/3/1914, Germany declares war on France, Russia’s allies
11.
8/3-4/1914, Germany invades Belgium on their way to France (Schlieffen Plan)
12. 8/4/1914, Britain declares war because of its alliance with France & Russia, and
Germany breaking Belgium's neutrality treaty (1839 “Scrap of Paper”)
13.
8/23/1914, Japan allies with Britain, declares war on Germany, interested in
securing German territories in China & the Pacific.
The War in Europe
Stalemate on Western Front
Trench warfare
Massive losses
War of attrition
The War in the East
Russians
Offensives against Germany
Huge losses, Battle of Tannenberg
78,000 casualties, 90,000 captured
The War and in Italy
Italians
1915, switch sides, promised “Share of
the Spoils” including territories of
Dalmatia & Fiume (or Rijeka)
War with Austrians stalemated
---City of Rijeka
World
War I
Fronts in
Europe
and the
Middle
East
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Battle of Jutland
Most devastating war in
history up to that
point; because of
these new innovations
& old tactics.
Chivalry was done…
U-Boats
German Submarines
Torpedoes
Mines
2 hulls
Machine Guns
Firepower of many
rifles
Rapid fire
Very Heavy
Devastating to infantry
attacks
Long-Range Artillery
Fires large projectile
Long range
Trenches built for
protection
Psychological Effects
“Paris Gun”
81 miles
Airplane
New invention
Turned into weapon
Dogfights
Drop bombs
Baron von Ricthofen “The
Red Baron”
Shot down 80 aircraft
Tank
British Invention
Heavily armored
Various types of guns
Ran on Treads
Able to get through
barbed wire and get into
enemy defenses.
Zeppelin
First flew 1900
Poison gas
Disabling
Tear gas
Mustard gas
Deadly
Chlorine
Phosgene
(carbon monoxide
and chlorine)
Flamethrower
Trench Warfare
Barbed Wire
The Home Fronts in Europe
Each of the powers was able to mobilize large numbers of
soldiers
Despite food shortages
Privations at home
Little sympathy at home
Growth in governments increased in power
Many industrial sectors of these nations were co-opted by
the state
Propaganda encouraged their citizens to keep the war effort
going and drummed up support from neutral nations
(Especially USA)
Suppression of criticism
Labor groups dissatisfied
Weakens Germany
Russia falls
Both monarchs would fall to revolution
The War Outside Europe
British block supplies to Central Powers
Uses imperial resources, manpower
Indians deployed in many areas
French
Use African troops
Japan
Fights Germans in Shandong peninsula China, the Pacific
Ottomans
Side with Germany
Armenian genocide
United States
Begins neutral 1914-1915 (Wilson elected to 2nd term 1916 on isolation stance)
Material help 1915-1916, Sinking of Lusitania not main reason to enter war,
however with the propaganda attached swayed people
1917, Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine warfare- war zone around Britain
Zimmerman Telegram (Mexico)
Russians March Revolution (Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on 13 March)
April 6, 1917, enters war
Wilson, “The world must be safe for democracy.”
Used information both true
and false to get people to back
to was effort
Women
were used
in factories,
the men
were drafted
to fight.
Women in work force replaced
men in the workplace,
calls for political and social
equality increased.
As a result, in Britain, Germany,
and the United States, women
gained the vote after the war.
Britain blockaded the North Sea
Germany had their blockade of U-Boats, sinking British
shipping, Lusitania sank in 20 minutes – 1,198 deaths
(128 Americans)
Most famous and deadliest torpedoed ship of war
Germany temporally backed off with warning from U.S.
Ottomans stop
the British Navy
& ANZ troops
Churchill’s Fiasco
Total Killed: 7,940,000 soldiers (over 10 million including civilians)
Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk
March 3, 1918
Armistice day 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour – Fighting stopped
The Treaty of Versailles left its signers dissatisfied.
The English & French pushed the Americans into an
agreement
The punishment of the Germans
War guilt/Reparations
Japan and Italy’s hoped-for gains were largely ignored
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as
political entities
The new communist government in Russia was not allowed
to participate in the peace conference
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
U.S. would not join League of Nations
League of Nations ended up weak and unable to stop
WWII
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland independent
Mandates – Carving up the Middle East
Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles failed to bring a lasting
peace, for it angered the people of a defeated and humiliated
Germany felt & rallied, “Stabbed in the back!”
Treaty of Versailles (Peace of Paris) led to WWII
The
Middle
East After
World
War I
Mandates
Impact
future
Subjugated peoples of colonies question status
Europeans fighting each other
Industrialized to help out war effort – India becomes
industrialized because of Britain’s need for war resources
First time Europeans ordered Africans/Asians to kill other
Europeans
Colonial leaders went to battlefield – left void
Gave administrative responsibility to the indigenous peoples
Initially made promises from British/French – then reneged
Questioned racial superiority theory
Social/economic problems make it easier to motivate mass
protests
Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines were also looking for
independence…..
India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
(rule)
Nationalist movements
By the beginning of the 20th century, resistance to over a
hundred years of British rule mounted in India.
Charges of British racism and detrimental economic policy
grew steadily.
Worldwide patterns
Leadership of Western-educated elite
Charismatic leaders
Nonviolence
India
National Congress Party, 1885
Initially loyal to British
Spurred by racism
Builds Indian identity
Social Foundations of a Mass Movement
Critique of British rule
Economic privilege for British
Indian army used for British interests
High-paid British officials - Cash crops push out food production
The Rise of Militant Nationalism
Hindu/Muslim split & B.G. Tilak
Indian Independence Movement leader
demanded full and immediate independence and threatened
violence.
His rhetoric appealed to many Hindus,
but frightened others, especially moderate Hindus and Muslims.
Nationalism above religious concerns
Boycotts of British goods, Bombay regions
Hindu communalists
Secret societies sprang up that
promoted and carried out violence, but British crackdowns limited
their effectiveness i.e. Terrorism in Bengal
Morley-Minto reforms, (Indian Councils Act of 1909)
More opportunity for Indians – vote serve on legislative councils
The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist
Struggle
Loyal to British at start of war
But war casualties and costs mount
Inflation, famine
Promises broken
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919
Greater Indian participation in government
Rowlatt Act, 1919
Civil rights restricted (freedom of press), revolutionist
rounded up
Gandhi protests
Mohandas K. Ghandi
Nonviolence
Satyagraha, or truth force, Unlike Tilak,
appealed to both the masses and the Western-educated
nationalist politicians.
emphasis on nonviolent but persistent protest weakened
British control of India.
Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India
during the 1920s and 1930s.
Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
Egyptian nationalism
mutiny of Ahmad Orabi
1882 British occupation aimed at liberation Egyptian
from Turks
Lord Cromer
Economic reforms, public works projects
Reforms benefited upper classes
Journalists led the way
1890s
Political parties form
Harsh repression
Focuses Egyptian nationalism
By the early 20th century, decades of ill will between the
British and the population led to violence on both sides.
Dinshawi Incident, 1906
British officers shooting pigeons for sport shot and
wounded the wife of the iman (religious leader) by accident
British grant constitution, 1913
The outbreak of World War I saw a temporary decrease of
hostilities in Egypt, but then….
Revolt in Egypt, 1919
Egypt a British protectorate, 1914
Martial law to protect Suez Canal
War drains Egyptian resources
Egyptians refused to present at
Versailles
By the end of the World War I, Egypt
was ripe for revolt. Students and,
significantly, women, led large
demonstrations against colonial rule.
British withdrawal began in 1922.
To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936
War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)
1923 A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a
Western model.
England and France divided the defeated Ottoman
Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates
Promises to former Ottoman subjects Reneged
World Zionist Organization
Zionism
Theodore Herzl
Balfour Declaration of 1917
“establishment in Palestine of a national home
for the Jewish people”
Approved by the League of Nations on July 24,
1922.
These conflicting movements led to great tension
in the Middle East
We still see today
The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa
WWI
supported their British and French occupiers in World
War I,
promises of nationhood after the war.
those promises went unfulfilled, protests ensued
Drained resources
Western-educated Africans gain authority
alarmed the European powers and encouraged anticolonial sentiments.
Pan-African movement (Americans)
Marcus Garvey
W.E.B. Du Bois
Paris
By the 1920s, pan-Africanism faded, replaced by the
brand of nationalism seen in other colonies.
Négritude (literary movement)
Sédar Senghor
Aimé Césaire
Léon Damas
The great age of African independence came after World
War II
Set many templates for the 20th century.
The decline of European hegemony,
The emergence of the United States and Japan
on the global stage
Communist rule in Russia were results of the
war
Nationalist surges in European colonies
Increased political power of labor
organizations and women.
What started World War I?
How did militarism grow out of the conflicts
among European nations?
Why did European nations form alliances?
Why were the Balkans at the center of the
conflict between European powers?
What event led to Great Britain’s entering the
war against Germany?
Why did Italy switch sides?
What started World War I?
How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among
European nations?
An outlet to the sea, its own nationalism, & Pan-Slavism
What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against
Germany?
To maintain the balance of power.
Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between
European powers?
Thought that their goals could only be achieved by threat or use of
force.
Why did European nations form alliances?
(M.A.I.N.) Militarism-Alliances-Imperialism-Nationalism
Germany’s disregard for Belgian neutrality
Why did Italy switch sides?
Share of the Spoils, problem with Triple Alliance