Transcript Satellite Industry 101 A Primer for New Satellite

Satellite Industry Overview
U.S. Department of Commerce – Thursday, December 16th 2004
1
Value of Satellite Systems
• Value of satellite systems grows with widely distributed networks
and mobility of users
• Satellite systems perform most effectively when:
• interconnecting wide distributed networks,
• providing broadcasting services over very wide areas such as a country,
region, or entire hemisphere
• providing connectivity for the “last mile” in cases where fiber networks
are simply not available for interactive services.
• providing mobile wideband and narrow band communications
• satellites are best and most reliable form of communications in the case of
natural disasters or terrorist attacks - fiber networks or even terrestrial
wireless can be disrupted by tsunamis, earthquakes, etc..
2
Satellite-Fiber Comparison
Comparing Satellite and Fiber Characteristics
Capability
Transmission
Speed
Quality of
Service
Transmission
latency
System
Availability w/o
Backup
Broadcasting
Capabilities
Multi-casting
Capabilities
Trunking
Capabilities
Mobile Services
Fiber Optic
Cable
Systems
10 Gbps-3.2
Terabits/second*
10-1110 -12
Geo Satellite in a
Global System
Meo Satellite in a
Global System
Leo Satellite in a
Constellation
Single Sat
1 Gbps-10 Gbps
10-610 -11
Single Sat
0.5 Gbps- 5 Gbps
10-610 -11
Single Sat
.01 Gbps-2Gbps
10-210 91
25 to 50 ms
250 ms
100-150 ms
25-75 ms
93 to 99.5%
99.98% (C-Ku band)
99% (Ka band)
99.9% (C-Ku band)
99% (Ka band)
99.5% (L-C-Ku band)
99% (Ka band))
Low to Nil
High
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Medium
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Nil
Medium-to-High
High
High
3
“Typical” Fixed Satellite Network
Applications
• Credit Card Validation
• ATM/Pay at the Pump
• Inventory Control
• Store Monitoring
• Electronic Pricing
• Training Videos
• In-Store Audio
• Broadband Internet Access
• Distance Learning
Network HUB
Apartment
Buildings
Internet
Gas Stations
Branch Offices
Corporate Offices
Residential
Corporate Data
Center/HQ
Some large scale corporate networks have as many as 10,000 nodes
4
Orbital Options
 A Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) completes one
revolution around the world every 23 hrs and 56
minutes in order to maintain continuous positioning
above the earth’s sub-satellite point on the equator.
 A medium earth orbit satellite (MEO) requires a
constellation of 10 to 18 satellites in order to
maintain constant coverage of the earth.
 A low earth orbit satellite (LEO) offers reduced
signal loss since these satellites are 20 to 40 times
closer to the earth in their orbits thus allowing for
smaller user terminals/antennas.
5
Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
Characteristics of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit Systems
•
User terminals do not have to track the satellite
•
Only a few satellites can provide global coverage
•
Maximum life-time (15 years or more)
•
Above Van Allen Belt Radiation
•
Often the lowest cost system and simplest in terms of tracking and high
speed switching
Challenges of Geostationary (GEO) Orbit
•
Transmission latency or delay of 250 millisecond to complete up/down link
•
Satellite antennas must be of larger aperture size to concentrate power and
to create narrower beams for frequency reuse
•
Poor look angle elevations at higher latitudes
6
Geostationary Orbit Today
7
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Characteristics of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems
- Low latency or transmission delay
- Higher look angle (especially in high-latitude regions)
- Less path loss or beam spreading
- Easier to achieve high levels of frequency re-use
- Easier to operate to low-power/low-gain ground antennas
Challenges of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) Systems
- Larger number of satellites (50 to 70 satellites). Thus higher
launch costs to deploy, build, and operate.
- Harder to deploy, track and operate. There is higher
TTC&M costs even with cross links.
- Shorter in-orbit lifetime due to orbital degradation
8
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Characteristics of Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) Systems
• Less latency and delay than GEO (but greater than LEO)
• Improved look angle to ground receivers in higher latitudes
• Fewer satellites to deploy and operate and cheaper TTC&M
systems than LEO (but more expensive than with GEO)
• Longer in-orbit lifetime than LEO systems (but less than GEO)
Challenges of Medium-Earth Orbit (MEO) Systems
• More satellites to deploy than GEO (10 to 18 vs. 3 to 4)
• Ground antennas are generally more expensive and complex
because of the need to track satellites. Or, one must use lowergain, quasi-omni antennas.
• Increased exposure to Van Allen Belt radiation
9
Components
 Bus
Power Subsystem
Telemetry and Command
Subsystem
Attitude and Control
Subsystem
Propulsion Subsystem
 Payload
Communications Subsystem
 Transponders
10
Transponders
• The transponder is the “brains” of the satellite - provides the
connection between the satellite’s receive and transmit
antennas.
• Satellites can have 12 to 96 transponders plus spares, depending
on the size of the satellite.
• A transponder bandwidth can frequently be 36 MHz, 54 MHz,
or 72 MHz or it can be even wider.
• A transponders function is to
• Receive the signal, (Signal is one trillion times weaker then when transmitted)
• Filter out noise,
• Shift the frequency to a down link frequency (to avoid interference
w/uplink)
• Amplify for retransmission to ground
11
Frequency Efficiency
• The vital resource in satellite communications is spectrum.
• As the demand for satellite services has grown, the solution has been;
• To space satellites closer together,
• Allocate new spectrum in higher bands,
• Make satellite transmissions more efficient so that more bits/Hz can be
transmitted, and
• To find ways to re-use allocated spectrum such as through geographic
separation into separated cells or beams or through polarization separation
• Today the satellites systems transmit more efficiently than ever before
but interference is now a bigger problem - there is a basic trade off;
• The higher the frequency the more spectrum that is available
• But, the higher the frequency the more problems with interference from
other users terrestrial, unlicensed, etc.
12
Satellite Frequencies
 There are specific frequency ranges used by commercial satellites.
 L-band
(Mobile Satellite Services)
 1.0 – 2.0 GHz
 S-band
(MSS, DARS – XM, Sirius)
 1.55 – 3.9 GHz
 C-band
(FSS, VSAT)
 3.7 – 6.2 GHz
 X-Band
(Military/Satellite Imagery)
 8.0 – 12.0 GHz
 Ku-band
(FSS, DBS, VSAT)
 11.7–14.5 GHz
 Ka-band
(FSS “broadband” and inter-satellite links)
 17.7 - 21.2GHz and 27.5 – 31 GHz
13
Satellite Power Systems
•
Main source of power is solar cell panels - new solar cells are
increasingly efficient
•
The solar cell system is backed up by battery system that
provides energy during solar eclipses and other periods of
outages.
•
Typical power levels of 2 to 5 KWs for Fixed Satellite Systems
and 10 to 12 KWs for Mobile and Broadcast Satellite Systems.
Batteries
• latest battery technology is represented by Lithium Ion systems
that can provide a greater power density for longer periods of
time and survive a greater depth of discharge
14
Satellite Technologies of the Future
•
Satellites in general are becoming more capable, with higher power and
larger aperture antennas to promote frequency re-use and creating highly
capable “super- computers-in-the-sky”
•
With electronically formed beams, the beam patterns can be re-formed on
command to respond to needs at different times of day, or of changing
requirements that emerge in response to market demand
•
Future Technologies include:
•
Advanced Phased Array Antennas
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dynamic Beam Management
Advanced Antenna Systems
More Efficient Power Systems
Turbo-coding
Advanced Modems
New materials for Light weight antennas (Inflatable Antennas)
15
Satellite Services & Applications
Voice/Video/Data Communications
• Rural Telephony
• News Gathering/Distribution
• Internet Trunking
• Corporate VSAT Networks
• Tele-Medicine
• Distance-Learning
• Mobile Telephony
• Videoconferencing
• Business Television
• Broadcast and Cable Relay
• VOIP & Multi-media over IP
Direct-To-Consumer
• Broadband IP
• DTH/DBS Television
• Digital Audio Radio
• Interactive Entertainment & Games
• Video & Data to handhelds
GPS/Navigation
• Position Location
• Timing
• Search and Rescue
• Mapping
• Fleet Management
• Security & Database Access
• Emergency Services
Remote Sensing
• Pipeline Monitoring
• Infrastructure Planning
• Forest Fire Prevention
• Urban Planning
• Flood and Storm watches
• Air Pollution Management
• Geo-spatial Services
Infrastructure / Support Services
Launch Vehicles Ground Equipment Insurance Manufacturing
16
World Satellite Industry Revenues
$91.0
$86.1
$78.6
$73.7
$60.4
$55.0
$49.1
$38.0
17
World Satellite Services Revenue
$55.9
$49.1
$ 46.5
$ 39.2
$ 29.7
$ 21.1
$ 24.4
$15.8
FSS $
MSS $
DBS $
6.1
0.7
9.0
$ 6.8
$ 0.8
$ 13.5
$ 7.3
$ 1.0
$ 16.1
$ 8.6
$ 1.3
$ 19.8
$ 9.2
$ 2.1
$ 27.9
$
$
$
8.9
1.4
36.2
$
$
$
8.7
1.3
39.1
$
$
$
9.6
1.7
44.7
FSS=VSAT services, remote sensing, and transponder leasing
MSS=Mobile telephone and mobile data
DBS/DARS=DTH TV, DARS, and Broadband
18
Fixed Satellite Services
• FSS Industry
• Geosynchronous Spacecraft
• ~22,000 miles in orbit
• C, Ku and Ka Frequencies
• Terrestrial Infrastructures
• Teleports
• TT&C Centers
• Service Platforms
• Fiber Interconnects
• Diverse market-base
• Media Distribution
• Telecom Infrastructure
• Enterprise Networks
• Government Networks & Apps
• ~ 250 operational commercial GEO satellites in use today
• 59 to be launched over next 3 years
19
Mobile Satellite Industry
• Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) refer to services to mobile user terminals
• Use a mix of orbit types
• Geosynchronous (GEO)
• Non-geosynchronous (LEO and MEO)
• System sizes range from (1) GEO satellite to (66) LEO Satellites
• Some use Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs)
• Use a mix of frequencies
• Mostly L-Band / Some S-Band, UHF/VHF
• Feeder links and some services use C, Ka, and Ku-Band
• Applications
• Aeronautical
• Maritime
• Land
20
Ground Antennas
 The size of the antenna depends on the satellite
frequency band used, the data rate, and whether the
service is bidirectional or receive only
 Higher data rates require larger antennas and/or higher
power
 Higher transmit capability (EIRP) of the satellite allows
the antenna size to be reduced
 The use of spot beams instead of global beams improves
VSAT link performance
 Receive-only antennas can be substantially smaller
21
Ground Equipment Trends
• Overall systems costs have decreased because of the explosion
of low cost user terminals that can now receive video via handheld units.
• Omni directional antennas
• Smaller, lighter, cheaper
• More powerful, faster
• Pocket, notebook, rugged
• Application specific terminals, embedded modems
Phones
• Voice, Asynchronous Data and Packet Data
• Smaller (antenna and battery in particular)
Minimal Set-Up Time, Robust, Portable, Easy To Use
22
World Ground Equipment Revenues
Includes: Gateways, NOCs, Satellite News Gathering equipment, flyaways,
VSATs, DBS Dishes, DARS equipment, satellite phone booths, satellite phones
23
Launch Industry Overview
U.S. Launch Service Providers




Lockheed Martin (Atlas)
Boeing Launch Services (Delta)
Orbital – (Pegasus)
SpaceX – (Falcon)
International Launch Vehicle Market







Boeing + Ukraine - Sea Launch (Zenit)
Lockheed + Russian - ILS (Atlas/Proton)
European- Arianespace (Ariane)
India (PSLV)
Russian – Energia - (Proton)
China –Great Wall - (LongMarch)
Japan – Mitsubishi - (H2A)
24
Global Manufacturing Environment
“Big Five” Manufacturers
Other Players
25
Global Supply vs. Demand
GEO Communications Satellites and Launches
70
Number of Satellites/Launches
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
Launches
Satellite Capacity
1999
2000
2001
Satellites Ordered
Launch Capacity
2002
2003
26
U.S. Manufacturing Market Share
60%
63%
64%
63%
52%
40%
36%
47%
27
Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure
Early 2003 – GAO Report re: Commercial Satellite Infrastructure
“Commercial Satellite Security Should Be More Fully Addressed”
Early 2003 – Homeland Security Act
“Satellite Communications Infrastructure Is Critical National
Infrastructure”
Late 2003 – GAO Report re: DoD’s Procurement Of Commercial SATCOM
“Strategic Approach Need For DoD’s Procurement Of Commercial
Satcom”
Early 2004 – NSTAC Satellite Task Force Report to President
“Commercial Satellite Industry Is Critical To Our National,
Economic, and Homeland Security”
28
Critical To The Economy
Eat
Out
Pump
Gas
Watch
TV
Shop
Transact
Financially
Stay at
Hotels
Buy & Service
Automobile
29
Critical to Flow of Information
• Newsgathering – First choice
for live coverage, providing
high-bandwidth video links
from remote locations to
capture “breaking news”
• Program Delivery – National broadcasts from four major
television networks and more than 180 cable channels are
relayed to over 10,000 local cable systems via satellite
30
Critical to Homeland Security
 Federal Government utilize satellites for backup communications and
diversified access alternatives to their federal facilities, especially at
COOP/COG sites
 Over 80% of the Federal agencies rely on satellites for communications,
such as  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) uses mobile “satellite on
wheels” trucks, fixed voice terminals, and mobile satellite phones for
emergencies
 Coast Guard uses satellites for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications
 Customs and Border Protection uses satellites for border monitoring and
remote access voice communications
 Satellites support network reconstitution, improving infrastructure
resiliency with media diversity
 USG used PanAmSat capacity over New York to during September 11 events
 Satellites support economic continuity
 CIP industries, such as finance/banking, oil, gas, communications, and retail
rely on satellites
31
Emergency Preparedness Users
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Centers for Disease Control
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Fish and Wildlife Service
Food and Drug Administration
General Services Administration
Internal Revenue Service
National Institutes of Health
National Park Service
National Weather Service*
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Transportation Security Agency
Social Security Administration
White House
U.S. Senate
U.S. Navy
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Customs Service
U.S. Geological Survey
Department of Commerce
Department of Agriculture
Department of Justice
Department of State
Department of Homeland Security
Department of the Treasury
Department of Veterans Affairs
Agency for International Development
32
Satellite Task Force Findings
The STF Report includes 22 findings on vulnerabilities of the commercial SATCOM
infrastructure and implications of commercial satellite use for NS/EP
Key task force findings include:
 Satellite services are important for NS/EP telecommunications because of
their ubiquity and independence from other communications
infrastructures
 Civil agencies have a shortage of in-house technical expertise that can
integrate SATCOM into the agencies’ communications architectures
 Agency procurement processes do not allow the Government to compete
effectively for commercial SATCOM capacity
 All components of commercial satellite systems are susceptible to both
intentional and unintentional threats
 The current regulatory structure evaluating foreign ownership provides a
framework that adequately protects NS/EP interests
33
NSTAC STF Recommendations
The NSTAC made three recommendations to the President
1.
Direct the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Assistant to the
President for Homeland Security, and the Director, Office of Science and Technology
Policy, to develop a national policy with respect to the provisioning and
management of commercial SATCOM services integral to NS/EP communications,
recognizing the vital and unique capabilities commercial satellites provide for global
military operations, diplomatic missions, and homeland security contingency support
2.
Fund the Department of Homeland Security to implement a commercial
SATCOM NS/EP improvement program within the National Communications
System to procure and manage the non-Department of Defense satellite
communications satellite facilities and services necessary to increase the
robustness of Government communications
3.
Appoint several members to represent service providers and associations from all
sectors of the commercial satellite industry to the NSTAC to increase satellite
industry involvement in NS/EP
34
Critical To Rural America
Satellites Are The Only Viable Option
For Rural America
35
Critical to the Future of Aviation
 Currently providing secure and reliable voice and
data communications
 In-flight data and voice communications for Crew, Air Marshals
and passengers
 Establishing specialized secure communications for airplanes,
airports, seaports, and border control.
 Enable Search and Rescue
 Next Generation Satellite Services
 Global Air Traffic Management
 Black Box Alternatives
 Advanced passenger and safety services
36
Navigation – GPS
• A military system that is now central to the lives of
millions of civil and commercial users
•
•
•
•
Public safety dispatch – improves response time
Search and Rescue – locates emergency calls
Air Traffic Control – guides planes in all weather
Telecommunications – primary timing source,
E-911 enabler
• Transportation – tracks trains, trucks, vital shipments
• Underpins US Warfighting
• Precision Munitions
• Cruise Missiles
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
37
Commercial Remote Sensing
Provides scientific, industrial, civil, military and individual users with high
resolution images for:
• Defense & intelligence
• Homeland security & asset protection
• Insurance & risk management
• Transportation & infrastructure planning
• Natural resource assessment
• Agriculture
• Disaster relief
• Insurance and risk management
• Oil & gas exploration
• Mapping
QuickBird .61 m color image
38
Remote Sensing Industry
 Three U.S. Commercial Satellite Imagery
Companies
Name
DigitalGlobe
ORBIMAGE
Space Imaging
Location
Longmont, CO
Dulles, VA
Thornton, CO
Year Launched 2001
2003
1999
Satellite Name
QuickBird
OrbView-3
IKONOS
Resolution
(meters)
0.61 m
black/white
1m black/white
1 m black/white
@ 2.44 m color
4 m color
4 m color
39
Commercial Remote Sensing Space Policy
CRSSP Signed by President, April 2003
 Goal: “advance and protect U.S. national security …by maintaining the nation’s
leadership in remote sensing space activities, and by sustaining and enhancing the
U.S. remote sensing industry.”
 Rely to the maximum practical extent on U.S. commercial remote sensing space
capabilities…
 Focus USG remote sensing space systems on meeting needs that can not be
effectively, affordably, and reliably satisfied by commercial providers
 Develop a long-term, sustainable relationship between the USG and the U.S.
commercial remote sensing space industry
 Provide a timely and responsive regulatory environment for licensing the operations
…of commercial remote sensing space systems
 Enable U.S. industry to compete successfully as a provider of remote sensing space
capabilities for foreign governments and foreign commercial users, while ensuring
appropriate measures are implemented to protect national security and foreign
policy
 NGA leading implementation of policy on national security side
 Promoting long-term partnerships
 ClearView – Guaranteed, long term purchase commitments
 NextView – Commitment to advancing next generation systems
40
Critical to Weather Forecasting
Search and Rescue
 NOAA’s operational environmental
satellite system is composed of:
 Geostationary Operational
Environmental Satellites
(GOES): short-range warning
and “narrowcasting”
 Polar Orbiting Environmental
Satellites (POES): longer term
forecasting
 Both are required for providing
complete global weather monitoring
 The satellites carry search and
rescue instruments, and have helped
save the lives of about 10,000 people
to date.
41
Critical To National Security
 80% of satellite communications used
during Operation Iraqi Freedom were
provided by the private sector
 To meet its near-to-midterm war-fighting
requirements, DOD must continue to use
commercial SATCOM
42
Increasing Satcom Requirement
DEPLOYED
FORCES
BANDWIDTH
USED
500
400
T
H
O
300
U
S
A
N 200
D
S
M
B
P
S
100
0
10%
DESERT STORM
11%
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
NOBLE ANVIL
388%
250%
ENDURING FREEDOM
Source: Maj. Gen. Charles Croom Briefing, Federal Telecom Conference, 2002
43
Benefits Of Partnership
DoD Benefits
Industry Benefits
 Responsive Procurement
 Centralized/Bulk Procurement
 Long-Term Planning
 Long-Term Contracts
 Lower Operational Risk
 Lower Business Risk
 Coordinated Protection of Private
Sector Infrastructure
 Coordinated Protection of Private
Sector Infrastructure
 Timely Response to Jamming and
Orbital Debris Incidents
 Timely Response to Jamming and
Orbital Debris Incidents
 Shaping Warfighter SATCOM
Tools for specific missions
 Information Sharing
 Improved Industry Planning
 Bandwidth portability
 Network-Centric Operations
Mutual Benefits for DoD and Industry
44
Emerging Services/Applications
45
Source: 2003 Media Business Annual Report
Derived from SG Cowan, January 2003
46
Satellite Broadband
Broadband Connectivity to Homes/Offices
 Forward link: 2-3 Mbps
 Return link: 128 - 512 Kbps
 Connectivity regardless of location/geography
Mobile Broadband Services “Comms on the Pause”
 In-motion: Transmit and Receive on-the-go
 Multi-Mb inbound to vehicle, up to 500kbs+ out
 Valuable for Network Centric Operations
 Air, Sea and Land-based vehicle applications
Broadband Connectivity to Aircraft





Forward link: 10 Mbps
Return link: 128 - 512 Kbps
Near-global connectivity
E-mail/Internet access
FSS Satellite capacity
47
Satellite Business Factors
Satellite Services
- Lower Transponder Rates
- Higher Insurance Costs
- Industry Consolidation
- Export Controls
DBS/DARS
- Access To Adequate Spectrum
- Competition With Terrestrial “Giants”
Satellite Manufacturing/Launch
- Overcapacity
- Export Controls
Ground Equipment
- Interference with Terrestrial/Unlicensed Devices
- Foreign Licensing/Market Access
48
Regulatory Issues
• Satellites Are Inherently International
• Spectrum Fees
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
• Interference
• Interference Noise Temperature
• Unlicensed Devices
• Extended C-Band
• Radar Detectors
• Ultra Wide-Band
• Licensing
• Earth Station
• Orbital Debris
• Critical Infrastructure/Homeland Security
• Emergency Alert System (EAS)
• CALEA
49
Problems With U.S. Export Controls
 Lack of Transparency and Predictability
 Increase costs and delays
 Widely Available Technologies
 Deny high-tech industries in the U.S. a level playing field
 Lack of Tiered System
 Allies are examined under the same scrutiny as rogue
states
 Extra-Territorial Reach On Components
 Foreign manufacturers wary of U.S. components
50
Satellite Manufacturing Orders
Worldwide Orders For
Commercial GEO Satellites
(U.S / Non-U.S)
1995 = 18
(11 / 7)
1996 = 31
(21 / 10)
1997 = 25
(19 / 6)
1998 = 22
(16 / 6)
1999 = 13
(8 / 5)
2000 = 35
(15 / 20)
2001 = 28
(24 / 4)
2002 = 6 (4 cancelled)
(1 / 5)
2003 = 19
(13 / 6)
2004 = 12
(9 / 3)
51
Trade/Market Access
Eliminate Excessive Regulatory Fees
•
Regulatory or control fees for satellite services should be proportional to the
regulation of the service – i.e. on a cost reimbursable basis
Provide Transparent, Non-Discriminatory Licensing Procedures
•
Where individual authorizations or registrations are required, they should only
serve to validate the licenses already obtained by the satellite operator from its
licensing administration.
Eliminate Local Entity/Local Presence Requirements
•
Satellite operators should not be required to establish a local commercial and
technical presence in each country in which they seek to provide services.
Provide National Treatment For Foreign Operators/Eliminate Monopolies
•
Regulators should remove any foreign ownership restrictions (or preference for
domestic operators) that affect the competitive provision of satellite services.
Eliminate Burdensome Frequency Coordination Requirements
•
Satellite operators should not be required to obtain a license or authorization to
use the radio-electric spectrum associated with their space stations on a countryby-country basis.
52
Summary
Satellite Industry Issues are Inherently Global
International Ramifications for Domestic Actions
Satellites Are Critical Infrastructure
National, Economic, Homeland Security
Spectrum is the Life-Blood Of The Satellite Industry
Satellite Spectrum Must Be Protected From Interference,
Excessive Fees, Regulations
Government Must Improve Partnership/Relationship with
Satellite Industry
Acquisition, Protection, Management of Commercial SATCOM
53