Transcript Chapter 13

Chapter 13 Part 1
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STNT – 35
Case Study – Energy from the Moon
Make separate charts of advantages and disadvantages
• Biofuels
• Ethanol
• Algae – Biodiesel
• Three types of hydroelectricity
• Run-of-the-river
• Water impoundment
• Tidal
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Chapter 13
Achieving Energy Sustainability
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CASE STUDY: ENERGY FROM THE MOON
1.
Why is this energy called moon energy?
2.
Where is this first commercial tidal energy plant in the
U.S.?
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What are the advantages of tidal energy?
Underwater
turbines capture
tidal energy
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
• Nonrenewable
• Potentially renewable
• Nondepletable
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Global
Comparison of
nonrenewable:
• U.S.
• Global
U.S.
Comparison of
renewable
• U.S.
• Global
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Energy conservation vs. Energy efficiency
Incandescent Fluorescent
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Energy used in comparison to
incandescent.
LED
1/6
Light-emitting diode
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REDUCING ENERGY USE
• Individuals
• Government
• Public transportation
• Taxes
• Rebates/Tax incentives
• Tiered rate
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WATER RATES CITY OF LAKELAND
Tiered Rate
Fixed Meter Charge
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Inside City Limits - $7.99
• Outside City Limits - $10.79
Consumption Range
Charge Per 1000 Gallons
1000 gallons
Inside City Limits
Outside
City Limits
0-7
$1.87
$2.53
8-12
$2.30
$3.11
13-19
$2.88
$3.89
over 19
$3.74
$5.05
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CONSERVATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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Energy varies with:
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Peak demand
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Inability to meet peak demand
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• 1/3 of energy produced is used; 2/3 is lost
• Reduce your kWh by 100 kWh and save ________
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Variable price structure:
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Sustainable Design
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Improving the efficiency of the buildings we live and work in.
Location of homes
Landscaping
Insulation
Windows
Heating and cooling
Orientation to sun
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Passive Solar Design
• Double-paned windows
• Windows for maximum light
• Light colored roofs and exterior
walls
• Overhanging eves
• Building materials with high
thermal inertia.
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Other energy
efficient
techniques.
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BIOMASS IS ENERGY FROM THE
SUN

The Sun is the
ultimate source
of almost all
types of energy
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MODERN CARBON VS. FOSSIL
WOOD AS FUEL
COAL AS FUEL
CARBON
• Modern Carbon
• Fossil Carbon
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BIOMASS
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Wood, Charcoal and
Manure
 Ethanol and Biodiesel
(biofuels)
 Net removal
◦ Unsustainable and
adds CO2 to
atmosphere.
 Sustainable use of
biomass
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BIOFUELS – ETHANOL
• Liquid biofuels
• Ethanol
• Alcohol made from converting starches and sugars
from plants into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• Made from corn, wood chips, crop waste,
switchgrass.
• World leaders
• U.S. 90% from corn
• Brazil mostly from sugarcane
• Corn vs. Sugarcane:
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ETHANOL
D I S A DVA N TAG E S
A DVA N TAG E S
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Biofuels – Biodiesel
Extracting oil from algae and plants such as soybeans and palms.Extracting
oil from algae and plants such as soybeans and palm.
Advantages for Algae
• Greatest yield per hectare
of land.
• Uses least amount of
energy and fertilizer.
• Can be grown on marginal
lands, brackish water, on
ships.
• Lower CO waste than
petroleum.
• Contains modern carbon.
Disadvantages for Algae
• Transportation and storage
require special management.
• Doesn’t flow well at low
temperatures – gel-like.
• Can’t be transported in
pipelines – truck or rail.
• Vehicles using are damaged.
• Energy content 11% lower
than petroleum biodiesel.
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HYDROELECTRICITY
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Electricity generated by the
kinetic energy of moving
water.
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2nd most common form of
renewable energy in the world.
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Mostly used for electricity.
World leaders of
hydroelectricity:
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PROCESS OF HYDROELECTRICITY
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Moving water has kinetic energy.
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Plant captures this energy and uses
it to turn the turbine.
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The turbine powers the generator.
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The generator produces the
electricity.
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The electricity is transmitted to the
electrical grid by transmission lines.
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Amount of electricity depends on:
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WORLD LEADERS
China – biggest dam in world
Brazil
Canada
U.S.
Russia
Most of the hydroelectricity produced in the U.S. is in
Washington State, Oregon, California.
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TYPES OF HYDROELECTRICITY
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Run-of-the-river systems
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Water is held behind a dam and runs through a channel before returning to the
river.
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Advantages
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Little flooding upstream
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Seasonal changes in river flow are not disturbed
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Less expensive energy
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Disadvantages
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Electricity generated is intermittent – dependent on:
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2. Water Impoundment
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Water is stored behind a
dam in reservoir
• Gates of the dam are
opened and closed
controlling the flow of
water.
Grand Coulee Dam
Largest in U.S.
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Allows for electricity on
demand.
• Advantages/Disadvantages
Three Gorges Dam
Largest in the world.
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Water Impoundment
Advantages
Disadvantages
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3. TIDAL SYSTEMS
• The movement of water is driven by the
gravitational pull of the Moon.
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Tidal Systems
Advantages
Disadvantages
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HYDROELECTRICITY
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
 Advantages
 Large quantities of electricity.
 No air pollution, CO2
emissions, waste products.
 Electricity is less expensive
for the consumer.
 Disadvantages
 Fossil fuels to build dam
 Disruption of fish migration
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STNT – 35
List the advantages of solar
ovens. Slide 30
Describe the process of solar
water heating. Slide 31
Compare active solar
technology. Slide 34
Complete advantages and
disadvantages of solar
technology. Slide 35
Complete the chart of wind
advantages and
disadvantages. Slide 43
Access the website on slide
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46 and watch the video.
ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY
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Capturing the energy of
sunlight.
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Use of a pump or photovoltaic
cell.
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Pump vs. photovoltaic cell:
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Generates electricity, produces
heat.
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Solar radiation varies with:
Variation in Solar Radiation in kilowatt
hours per square meter
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PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
Positioning of house and windows
Design materials
Color of roofing materials
Building homes into side of hill
Landscaping
Solar ovens
 Process
 Advantages
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Active Solar Energy Technology
Solar Water Heating Pump Systems
Purposes
– Domestic hot water
– Heating swimming pools
– Business and home heating
– Most common in U.S. is
________
Process
• Use the diagram and describe
the process of heating water
with a solar water system.
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Photovoltaic Cells (PV)
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Capture energy from the sun as light not heat.
Convert sun’s energy directly into electricity.
Semiconductors – thin, ultra-clean material that generate low voltage
electrical current with exposed to direct sunlight.
Low voltage current (DC) is converted to higher voltage (AC) current.
Supplies electricity directly or charges batteries for later use.
Tied to the electric company grid.
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Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plant
(CST)
• Large scale application of solar
energy.
– Lenses, mirrors, tracking
systems to focus sunlight into
a small beam.
– Heat produces steam
– Turns a turbine
– Generates electricity.
• Disadvantages
– Requires large amount of land
– Required open space and
consistent sunlight
– Cannot produce electricity at
night.
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Comparison of Active Solar Technology
Description
Solar Pump
Photovoltaic cells
CST
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Solar Energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Using the heat from natural radioactive decay of elements deep
within Earth as well as heat coming from Earth.
• Magma comes close to ground water heating it.
• Hot ground water is piped directly into household radiators.
• Also used to generate electricity by producing steam that turns
turbines.
Iceland
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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
# 3rd most commonly used renewable
energy
U.S. Plants
• California, Nevada, Hawaii, Utah
Disadvantages
• Heat is nondepleatable but the ground
water is not.
• There may be hazardous gasses
emitted from geothermal power
plants.
• Less potential growth.
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Ground Source Heat Pumps
Earth’s temperature 10 feet
underground remains
constant year around.
Sometimes called
geothermal energy but is
from solar energy.
Winter
– Fluid absorbs heat from
ground which is warmer
than air temp.
Summer
– Underground temp is
lower than air temp.
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WIND ENERGY
• Using a wind turbine
to convert kinetic
energy into electrical
energy.
• Wind is the result of
unequal heating of
the Earth’s surface
by the sun.
• Ultimately the sun is
the source of all
winds.
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WIND TURBINES
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Converts kinetic energy of moving air
into electricity.
Wind tower
As tall as 330 feet
Length of blades 130-250 feet
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WIND ENERGY
•Offshore wind conditions are even more
desirable for electricity.
•Turbines can be made larger in an
offshore environment.
•Practical to group the turbines into wind
farms or parks.
•Wind parks can also be grazing lands.
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WIND ENERGY
Fastest growing major
source of electricity in the
world.
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Wind – a Nondepletable Resource
Advantages
Disadvantages
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HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
• Fuel cell
• A device that operates like a common battery where electricity is
generated by a reaction between two chemicals.
• Reactants added continuously so it never dies.
• Process
• Forces protons from hydrogen gas through a membrane while
the electrons take a different path.
• The movement of the protons in one direction and electrons in
another direction produces an electrical current.
• 2H2 + O2  2H2O
• Waste product is water.
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HYDROGEN
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Requires a supply of hydrogen.
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Free hydrogen is rare in nature
because it is explosive.
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Hydrogen generally combines other
molecules forming water or natural
gas H2O and CH4.
• So the hydrogen has to be
separated from the other molecules
using heat or electricity
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Hydrogen Gas
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http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=hydrogen%20fuel%
20cell&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0C
EcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2
Ffuel-efficiency%2Falternative-fuels%2Ffuelcell.htm&ei=fgPJVK6QAriMsQS0xoCYCw&usg=AFQjCNHR
6E1Ogbrs8lpn-K4pxTQduHMKSg
Energy intensive process of burning natural gas to extract
the hydrogen releasing CO2 as waste.
Electrolysis
• Alternative way to separate hydrogen
• Electric current to water to split the hydrogen from the
oxygen
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell
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Advantages
Disadvantages
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Availability : no element in the
universe as abundant as hydrogen.
No Harmful Emissions: waste is
clean drinking water.
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Environment friendly : non-toxic
Hydrogen energy is also very
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powerful and very efficient.
Hydrogen is three times as
powerful as gasoline.
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Fuel Efficient : produces more
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energy per pound of fuel.
Renewable
Expensive : requires a lot of work to
free if from other elements.
expensive and time-consuming to
produce.
Hydrogen is hard to transport in a
reasonable fashion.
No existing infrastructure in place to
accommodate hydrogen as a fuel
source for the average motorist.
Highly Flammable
Dependency on Fossil Fuels :
needed to separate it from oxygen.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
Needed
• Direct funding
• Government funding to support research
• Financial incentives
• Tax cuts
• Consumer rebates
• Reduce subsidies for fossil fuel manufacture
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IMPROVING THE ELECTRIC GRID
Distribution system for electricity
• Outdated
• Subject to overloads and outages
• Some regions of the country cannot supply the energy
needed.
• Some areas do not have the infrastructure to
accommodate the electricity that can be generated.
Current structure requires energy to be moved long
distances to the consumer.
• 5 – 10% of energy is lost in the movement.
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SMART GRID
Efficient, self-regulating
electricity distributing
network.
Uses internet and computer
programs
• Tells electricity generators when
electricity is needed.
• Tells electricity users when
there is excess capacity on the
grid.
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JAMES BAY HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
A series of hydroelectric
developments with a combined
installed capacity of over 16,000
megawatts built since 1974 on the
La Grande and other rivers of
Northern Quebec.
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CONFLICT
• Tremendous Response from environmentalists and
the Cree Indians who claimed that the project was
destroying the region and disputing the lives of the
native population.
• Rivers were diverted, forests burned, wilderness
fragmented or destroyed.
• New construction has been halted.
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