Transcript Jefferson through Jackson

Jefferson through
Van Buren
Revolution of 1800
• 1800 Jefferson wins
the election
• First test of transfer
of power from one
political party to
another
• Leaves most of
Hamilton’s plans in
place—except for
the excise tax
www.harvardsquarelibrary.org
Midnight Judges
• January of 1801—
John Adams
appoints John
Marshall as chief
justice of the
Supreme Court
• Adams also
appoints many other
Federalist judges in
the final days of his
administration
•
http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/marshall/index.htm
Marbury v. Madison
• One of those last
minute appointments
was William Marbury
• Appointed Justice of
the Peace for the
District of Columbia
BUT—his commission
is never delivered by
Adams & Jefferson
refuses
Image Credit: U.S. Supreme Court
Revenge for Marbury v.
Madison?
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Samuel Chase
Strong Federalist
Supreme Court Justice
Criticized DemocraticRepublicans openly
• Charged with “high
crimes and
misdemeanors”
• Impeachment failed—
politics isn’t the
purpose of
impeachment
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/pande02.html
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Threats from Outside—Barbary
Pirates
4 years of fighting
60,000 in ransom paid
Enter into a treaty w/ Tripoli in 1805
US Navy & US Marines both have big victories in
1805 against the pirates—finally in 1815 US naval
victories end the “tribute” payments
Threats from Outside
• In 1800 France gets Louisiana territory
back from Spain—we can’t use
warehouses anymore
• With France back on the continent we’ll
need protection from England again!
• 1803—sends Madison to France
• Napoleon sells Louisiana to US for $15
mil
A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America, drawing by W. Clark
A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America,
drawing by W. Clark
Drawn by Meriwether Lewis's traveling mate on the famous expedition and combining
Clark's own observations with those of Indians and explorers, this 1814 map gave
Americans their first view of the vast territory purchased in 1803. Clark's depiction of the
Rockies was substantially accurate, his description of the Southwest less so. (Library of
Congress Geography & Map division)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Strict v. Loose
• Was this purchase constitutional?
Jefferson thinks it probably isn’t
• Does it anyway
• Sends Lewis & Clark to explore
Burr v. Hamilton
• Aaron Burr
(Jefferson’s VP)
joined an extremist
group of Federalists
trying to convince
New England & NY
to secede
• Hamilton exposed
the conspiracy
http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/eadGetDoc.xq?id=/ead/mss/C0089.EAD.xml
Burr v. Hamilton
• Hamilton & Burr
duel—Hamilton is
killed
• Burr indicted for
murder in NY & NJ
• Sets his sights on
the SW
• Tried for treason
• Goes to Europe
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
France & England
• Jefferson re-elected in 1804
• War between France (Napoleon) &
Britain is heating up
• France rules the land
• England rules the seas
• British close French ports to foreign
shipping
• French close English ports to foreign
shipping
Impressment
• British begin
“impressing”
American
sailors—and NOT
in a good way!
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
•
Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• Chesapeake
• Built @ Gosport Navy
Yard in 1798
• 6/22/1807
Commodore James
Barron puts out of
Hampton Roads headed
for the Mediterranean
• Sails past 2 British
warships anchored in
Lynnhaven Bay
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
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A British ship (the Leopard) follows
Looking for English deserters
Peaceful—but force if necessary
Commodore Barron says no British
deserters on board
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• Leopard fires a ball over Chesapeake’s
bow
• Followed by a volley of guns & small
arms fire
• Barron tries to negotiate
• Another volley
• 18 wounded/1 dead (or 3 dead)
• British board & take 4 crewmen they’re
after
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• 6/23/1807—news reaches Norfolk
• All operable vessels in HR make ready
to sail
• When news of encounter reaches NYC,
NY Herald’s headline reads “WAR”
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• 7/3/1807; British
threaten to block
harbor
• Chesapeake
brought under the
guns of Forts
Norfolk & Nelson
• French ship asked
to help
Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• Both sides back down
• Jefferson asks for voluntary cut in
exports
• Congress passes Embargo Act of 1807
• Staggers economy
• Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
Embargo Act of 1807
The Shawnee chief Tecumseh
The Shawnee chief Tecumseh
Tecumseh and his brother,
Prophet, led a revival of
traditional Shawnee culture and
preached Native American
federation against white
encroachment. In the War of 1812
they allied themselves with the
British, but Tecumseh's death at
the Battle of the Tames (1813) and
British indifference thereafter
caused Native Americans'
resistance and unity to collapse.
(Tecumseh: Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, FMNH
Neg. #A93851)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Native American Threat
By 1811 many reluctant for war. . . BUT
• Wanted to wipe out Indian threat
• William Henry Harrison takes on
Tecumseh
• Battle of Tippecanoe--result
Harrison a hero, discredited the prophet,
drove Tecumseh into the arms of the
British
Madison
• James Madison
elected president in
1812
• DemocraticRepublican
• Secretary of State
under Jefferson
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm4.html
War Hawks
• Henry Clay
• John C. Calhoun
They want Canada and free expansion
Many in the West were for war as well—
because of Tippacanoe
South wants Florida
Opposed to War
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New Englanders
Mostly federalists
Pro-British
Anti-War
War of 1812
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Failed at most we tried
Army didn’t accomplish much
Navy did much better
By 1814 we’re mostly defending ourselves
Washington D.C burned
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
War of 1812
• Biggest victory of the war is the Battle
of New Orleans
• Makes Andrew Jackson a hero
• Occurs about 2 weeks after the war is
actually over
• Treaty of Ghent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50_iRIcxsz0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyXrxfjEOhs&feature=related
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
New England
• Prospered during the war
• Sold goods to Canada
• Spoke of secession
Hartford Convention
• Hartford Convention—1814
New England Wanted:
• Assistance from DC for lost trade
• Amendment requiring 2/3 vote before
embargo imposed
• Sought to abolish 3/5 clause
• Sought to prohibit election of 2
successive Presidents from same state
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3a10467))
Results of the War of 1812
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Credibility: we can & will resist wrongs
Sectionalism—gets a black eye
War Heroes—Jackson & Harrison
Native Americans abandoned by British
Manufacturing prospered
Industry stimulated
American nationalism—national
oneness
Results of the War of 1812
• National literature—Cooper & Irving
• School books are American
• Navy finally whipped Barbary Pirates
Henry Clay’s American System
• Support for a high tariff
• Maintenance of high public land
prices
• Preservation of the Bank of the
United States
• Development of a system of
internal improvements (such as
roads and canals)
American System
• Revived Bank of the US in 1816
• Tariff of 1816—protective tariff
• Madison vetoed federal money for
roads
• States will have to fund
• New England big opponent of federal
roads
Era of Good Feelings
• James Monroe elected
in 1816 (2 terms)
• SOME peace
• SOME prosperity
Also trouble with:
• The tariff
• The bank
• Internal improvements
• Sale of public lands
• Sectionalism
http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/protecting.php
Panic of 1819
• Recession
• Caused by over speculation of frontier
lands
• Between 1791 & 1819 nine new states
admitted
Mobility
• The Cumberland Road (National Road) is
completed from Maryland to Illinois
http://www.connerprairie.org/historyonline/ntlroad.html
Mobility
• The steamboat is being perfected and used
in America
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamship.htm
Control of the West
• Most new states admitted to the Union
in pairs
• Missouri petitions Congress for
admission
• Talmadge Amendment—no more
slaves in MO—children of slaves freed
• Angered slave holding southerners
• Threat to balance
Control of the West
• New England—richer and more
crowded
• South is maintaining balance in the
House--barely
• What happens if slavery can be
abolished by the Feds in the West?
Compromise
• Missouri Compromise
Actually 3—
• Missouri—slave
• Maine—free
• No slavery above 36°30’
Will it last?
Control of the West
• Oregon—10 year joint occupation w/
England
• Florida—we just sort of take it away
from Spain (Adams-Onis Treaty)
• Monroe Doctrine
Election of 1824
• Last of old style elections
Candidates:
• John Quincy Adams—Mass
• Henry Clay—Kentucky
• Wm. H. Crawford—Georgia
• Andrew Jackson—Tennessee
• John C. Calhoun is VP on both Adams’
& Jackson’s tickets
Corrupt Bargain?
• Jackson wins as much popular support
as next two rivals
• Fails to carry the electoral college
• House decides
• Clay (Speaker of the House) supports
Adams
• Clay gets Secretary of State
John Quincy Adams
• Kept people in gov’t
jobs
• Nationalistic
• Pushed for
construction of
roads & canals
• National university
• Refused to remove
Cherokees from
land in GA
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja6.html
Election of 1828
Republicans split
• National Republicans—Adams
• Democratic Republicans—Jackson
• Jackson—presented as rough hewn
frontiersman
• Adams—presented as a corrupt
aristocrat
Election of 1828
• Adams support from New England &
Northeast
• Jackson support from the west & the
south
Jackson wins
Andrew Jackson
• First President from
the West
• Is a bit “roughhewn”
• First President
nominated at a
formal party
convention
• Spoils system
http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs_pph/PresidentDetail.aspx?ID=7&imageID=4
Tariff
• 1828 a higher tariff bill passes
Southerners hate it
• SC protested the “Tariff of Abominations”
• 1832 new tariff passed—took out most of the
offensive parts
• 1832 SC declares the tariff null and void
• John C. Calhoun
• Jackson sent military to SC
• Compromise Tariff of 1833
Indian Removal
Cherokees in Georgia did what they
could to be accepted in the US
• Settled down to farming
• Cherokee alphabet
• Written Constitution
• Some became prosperous cotton
planters & slave owners
Indian Removal
They are actually part of what the
government considered to be the“5
Civilized Tribes”
• Cherokees
• Creeks
• Chocktaws
• Chickasaws
• Seminoles
Indian Removal
• 1828 GA legislature ordered Indian
lands opened to white settlement
• Jackson supports this
• Cherokees appeal to the Supreme
Court
• Court rules in their favor
• Jackson refuses to support the
decision
Indian Removal
• Jackson’s policy leads to the forced
removal of 100,000 Native Americans
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html
Indian Removal
• 1830 Indian Removal Act
Some resist:
• Black Hawk—crushed in 1832
• Seminoles retreat to Everglades
• Some Cherokees to Smokies
Jackson
Jackson Hates:
• Big business
• Monopolistic banking
• Bank of the US
Bank War – 1832
Clay v. Jackson over bank and for
President
Election of 1832
• Jackson wins
• Buries the Bank of the US
• Result: Depression
Election of 1836
Whigs—had been National Republicans
• Support states rights
• American system
Supported by:
• Large Northern Industrialists
• People alienated by Jackson
• Evangelical Christians
Election of 1836
• William Henry
Harrison (Whig)
http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/harrison
• Martin Van Buren
(Democratic)
http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h350.html
Van Buren
• Van Buren wins
• Yes-man
• Doesn’t get much accomplished
Texas
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty
1820--Spain opened Texas to Americans
• No slaves
• Must be Catholic
1821—Mexico wins independence from
Spain
1826—JQ Adams offers to buy Texas for
$1 mil.
Texas
• 1830—30 thousand Anglos are in Texas
• Tejano population is 4,000
• 1830—Jackson offers to purchase
Texas for $5 mil
• 1836 “Texicans” rebel against Mexico
Texas
• Alamo—Santa Anna wins
• Jim Bowie & Davie Crockett are killed
Texas
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1836—Houston’s army on the run
Turns to fight
Defeats Santa Anna
1837 Texas asks to be annexed by US
Answer is NO
Election of 1840
• Tippacanoe & Tyler
Too!
• No real platform
• No real campaign
• Appeal to
Westerners
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/tyler/aa_tyler_subj_e.html
Election of 1840
• Harrison & Tyler beat Van Buren. . . but